Table 3.
Glycemic Index in Relation to Cancer Incidence Among US Men in the NIH–AARP Diet and Health Study, 1995–2003
| Type of Cancer | No. of Events | Multivariate Relative Risksa Based on Quintile of Glycemic Indexb |
Ptrendc | ||||||||
| Quintile 1 (Referent) (33.51–51.26) |
Quintile 2 (51.27–53.32) |
Quintile 3 (53.33–55.04) |
Quintile 4 (55.05–57.01) |
Quintile 5 (57.02–84.13) |
|||||||
| Relative Risk | Relative Risk | 95% Confidence Interval | Relative Risk | 95% Confidence Interval | Relative Risk | 95% Confidence Interval | Relative Risk | 95% Confidence Interval | |||
| Prostate | 15,949 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.94, 1.04 | 1.02 | 0.98, 1.08 | 1.05 | 1.00, 1.10 | 0.98 | 0.93, 1.03 | 0.946 |
| Colorectal | 3,031 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.89, 1.12 | 1.01 | 0.90, 1.14 | 1.04 | 0.93, 1.17 | 1.16 | 1.04, 1.30 | 0.007 |
| Advanced prostate | 1,656 | 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.79, 1.07 | 1.00 | 0.86, 1.16 | 0.96 | 0.82, 1.12 | 0.93 | 0.79, 1.09 | 0.509 |
| Melanoma | 1,485 | 1.00 | 1.07 | 0.91, 1.25 | 1.09 | 0.93, 1.27 | 1.00 | 0.85, 1.18 | 1.07 | 0.90, 1.27 | 0.680 |
| Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma | 1,114 | 1.00 | 0.87 | 0.72, 1.06 | 0.96 | 0.79, 1.16 | 0.91 | 0.74, 1.10 | 0.79 | 0.65, 0.96 | 0.035 |
| Kidney | 857 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.79, 1.23 | 0.99 | 0.80, 1.23 | 1.15 | 0.93, 1.42 | 1.05 | 0.84, 1.31 | 0.368 |
| Stomach | 440 | 1.00 | 1.44 | 1.04, 1.99 | 1.29 | 0.93, 1.80 | 1.54 | 1.12, 2.12 | 1.50 | 1.09, 2.08 | 0.020 |
| Brain | 356 | 1.00 | 1.07 | 0.78, 1.45 | 0.70 | 0.50, 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.71, 1.34 | 0.70 | 0.49, 0.99 | 0.043 |
| Myeloma | 331 | 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.65, 1.30 | 1.09 | 0.78, 1.52 | 1.05 | 0.75, 1.47 | 0.85 | 0.59, 1.23 | 0.614 |
| Myeloid leukemia | 288 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.69, 1.41 | 0.82 | 0.57, 1.20 | 1.02 | 0.72, 1.45 | 0.70 | 0.47, 1.03 | 0.117 |
| Liver | 238 | 1.00 | 1.73 | 1.13, 2.63 | 1.24 | 0.79, 1.95 | 1.17 | 0.74, 1.85 | 1.62 | 1.05, 2.48 | 0.185 |
| Thyroid | 153 | 1.00 | 1.02 | 0.62, 1.66 | 1.19 | 0.74, 1.92 | 0.81 | 0.48, 1.38 | 0.79 | 0.46, 1.37 | 0.300 |
| Lungd | 3,769 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.89, 1.11 | 1.04 | 0.93, 1.16 | 1.00 | 0.90, 1.11 | 1.08 | 0.98, 1.20 | 0.137 |
| Bladderd | 1,246 | 1.00 | 1.13 | 0.94, 1.36 | 1.07 | 0.89, 1.29 | 1.04 | 0.86, 1.25 | 1.29 | 1.07, 1.54 | 0.023 |
| Head and neckd | 939 | 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.78, 1.17 | 0.78 | 0.63, 0.97 | 0.93 | 0.76, 1.14 | 0.91 | 0.74, 1.11 | 0.365 |
| Pancreaticd | 601 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.74, 1.27 | 1.19 | 0.93, 1.54 | 1.05 | 0.81, 1.37 | 1.19 | 0.92, 1.55 | 0.160 |
| Esophagusd | 425 | 1.00 | 1.23 | 0.89, 1.7 | 1.03 | 0.74, 1.44 | 1.24 | 0.90, 1.71 | 1.50 | 1.10, 2.05 | 0.013 |
| All cancersd | 33,203 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.98, 1.05 | 1.02 | 0.98, 1.05 | 1.03 | 1.00, 1.07 | 1.04 | 1.00, 1.08 | 0.012 |
Abbreviation: NIH, National Institutes of Health.
Adjusted for age, race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and others), education (less than high school, high school graduate, some college, and college graduate/post graduate), marital status (married, not married), body mass index (<18.5, 18.5–<25, 25–<30, 30–<35, ≥35), family history of any cancer (yes, no), physical activity (never/rarely, 1–3 times/month, 1–2, 3–4, and ≥5 times/week), smoking (never, ≤20 cigarettes/day in the past, >20 cigarettes/day in the past, currently ≤20 cigarettes/day, and currently >20 cigarettes/day), alcohol consumption (0, <5, 5–<15, 15–<30, and ≥30 g/day), and total energy intake (log-transformed calories).
Glycemic index is expressed as a percentage of the blood glucose response to an equivalent carbohydrate portion of a reference food (white bread or glucose).
The test for linear trend across categories was performed by assigning participants the median value of their categories and entering it as a continuous term in the model.
Smoking was adjusted for by using smoking status, time since quitting smoking, and smoking dose.