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Transepithelial profiles of the proton-motive force (in mV) calculated from the average membrane voltages and transmembrane pH gradients (A) for a control condition with mosquito saline containing serotonin as the hemolymph-side bath (pH 7) and luminal perfusion with NaCl (100 mmol l–1, pH 7), and (B) after increasing the pH of the luminal perfusate to 10. HL, hemolyph; L, lumen.
