Table 1.
Demographic and Health Characteristics (Count (%) or Mean ± SD) by CES-D Score
| CES-D ≥9 (n=110) 15.8% |
CES-D<9 (n=586) 84.2% |
P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | |||
| Ethnicity | 0.08 | ||
| African American | 32 (29.1) | 188 (32.1) | |
| American Indian | 38 (34.6) | 143 (24.4) | |
| White | 40 (36.4) | 255 (43.5) | |
| Female | 71 (64.6) | 272 (46.4) | <0.001 |
| Age (yrs) | 74.1 ± 5.9 | 74.1 ± 5.3 | 0.96 |
| Married | 43 (39.1) | 305 (52.1) | 0.01 |
| Formal education (n=695) | <0.001 | ||
| Less than high school | 95 (86.4) | 356 (60.9) | |
| High school | 13 (11.8) | 132 (22.6) | |
| At least some college | 2 (1.8) | 97 (16.6) | |
| Number of persons in home | 0.17 | ||
| One | 30 (27.3) | 183 (31.2) | |
| 2 | 50 (45.5) | 289 (49.3) | |
| 3 or more | 30 (27.3) | 114 (19.5) | |
| Poverty Status (n=666) | <0.01 | ||
| On Medicaid | 52 (49.1) | 183 (32.7) | |
| No Medicaid & income <$25,000 | 43 (40.6) | 260 (46.4) | |
| No Medicaid & income ≥$25,000 | 11 (10.4) | 117 (20.9) | |
| Health | |||
| Diabetes medication | 0.54 | ||
| No medication | 17 (15.5) | 69 (11.8) | |
| Oral agent only | 65 (59.1) | 353 (60.2) | |
| Insulin with or without oral agents | 28 (25.5) | 164 (28.0) | |
| Diabetes duration (yrs) | 12.4 ± 11.0 | 12.5 ± 11.0 | 0.95 |
| HbA1c (%) (n=691) | 6.8 ± 1.4 | 6.8 ± 1.3 | 0.55 |
| BMI (kg/m2) (n=664) | 29.5 ± 5.9 | 29.6 ± 5.88 | 0.85 |
| Self-rated health: Excellent, very good, or good | 24 (21.8) | 291 (49.7) | <0.001 |
| SF-12 physical component score | 29.5 ± 8.2 | 36.2 ± 11.6 | <0.001 |
| Number of prescription medications >5 (n=691) | 81 (74.3) | 287 (49.3) | <0.001 |
| Number of chronic health conditions >5 | 59 (53.6) | 161 (27.5) | <0.001 |