TABLE 1.
Cases |
Controls (n = 763) |
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Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (n = 377) |
Cleft palate only (n = 196) |
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No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
Current marital status | ||||||
Married | 182 | 48 | 91 | 47 | 405 | 53 |
Living as married | 177 | 47 | 96 | 49 | 329 | 43 |
Single* | 18 | 5 | 8 | 4 | 28 | 4 |
Missing | 0 | 1 | 1 | |||
Maternal age (years) | ||||||
<25 | 71 | 19 | 36 | 18 | 125 | 16 |
25–29 | 136 | 36 | 75 | 38 | 295 | 39 |
30–34 | 120 | 32 | 55 | 28 | 231 | 30 |
≥35 | 50 | 13 | 30 | 15 | 112 | 15 |
Parity | ||||||
1 | 151 | 40 | 88 | 45 | 292 | 38 |
2 | 138 | 37 | 63 | 32 | 290 | 38 |
3 | 63 | 17 | 36 | 18 | 132 | 17 |
≥4 | 25 | 7 | 9 | 5 | 49 | 6 |
Education | ||||||
<High school | 71 | 19 | 23 | 12 | 87 | 11 |
High school | 94 | 25 | 48 | 25 | 211 | 28 |
Technical college | 69 | 18 | 41 | 21 | 153 | 20 |
2–4-year college | 124 | 33 | 72 | 37 | 265 | 35 |
University | 19 | 5 | 12 | 6 | 46 | 6 |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 1 | |||
Employment† | ||||||
Yes | 287 | 76 | 155 | 79 | 634 | 83 |
Missing | 1 | 1 | 0 | |||
Cigarette smoking† | ||||||
No exposure | 152 | 40 | 92 | 47 | 414 | 54 |
Passive only | 58 | 15 | 32 | 16 | 106 | 14 |
Active, 1–5 cigarettes/day | 93 | 25 | 36 | 18 | 142 | 19 |
Active, 6–10 cigarettes/day | 49 | 13 | 31 | 16 | 73 | 10 |
Active, ≥11 cigarettes/day | 25 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 28 | 4 |
Total no. of alcoholic beverages consumed† | ||||||
0 | 230 | 62 | 120 | 61 | 527 | 70 |
1–3 | 70 | 19 | 37 | 19 | 123 | 16 |
4–6 | 26 | 7 | 17 | 9 | 40 | 5 |
≥7 | 45 | 12 | 22 | 11 | 68 | 9 |
Missing | 6 | 0 | 5 | |||
No. of drinking days† | ||||||
0 | 230 | 61 | 120 | 61 | 527 | 69 |
1–2 | 104 | 28 | 54 | 28 | 164 | 21 |
3–6 | 24 | 6 | 14 | 7 | 30 | 4 |
≥7 | 19 | 5 | 8 | 4 | 42 | 6 |
Average no. of drinks per sitting† | ||||||
0 | 230 | 62 | 120 | 61 | 527 | 69 |
1 | 64 | 17 | 41 | 21 | 126 | 17 |
2–4 | 52 | 14 | 23 | 12 | 81 | 11 |
≥5 | 25 | 7 | 12 | 6 | 24 | 3 |
Missing | 6 | 0 | 5 | |||
Average no. of drinks per sitting/no. of drinking days† | ||||||
Nondrinker | 230 | 62 | 120 | 61 | 527 | 69 |
1–4 drinks/1–2 days | 84 | 23 | 45 | 23 | 143 | 19 |
1–4 drinks/≥3 days | 32 | 9 | 19 | 10 | 64 | 8 |
≥5 drinks/1–2 days | 15 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 17 | 2 |
≥5 drinks/≥3 days | 10 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | 1 |
Missing | 6 | 0 | 5 | |||
Folic acid supplement (mcg)‡ | ||||||
No supplement | 240 | 64 | 119 | 61 | 453 | 59 |
1–399 | 86 | 23 | 46 | 23 | 165 | 22 |
≥400 | 51 | 14 | 31 | 16 | 145 | 19 |
Dietary folate (mcg) quartile† | ||||||
0–171 | 111 | 31 | 62 | 33 | 176 | 25 |
172–214 | 88 | 25 | 44 | 23 | 177 | 25 |
215–264 | 81 | 23 | 36 | 19 | 177 | 25 |
≥265 | 74 | 21 | 46 | 24 | 174 | 25 |
Missing | 23 | 8 | 59 | |||
Used multivitamins§ | 123 | 33 | 71 | 36 | 279 | 37 |
Prepregnancy body mass index | ||||||
Underweight | 15 | 4 | 10 | 5 | 28 | 4 |
Normal | 256 | 68 | 126 | 65 | 533 | 70 |
Overweight | 67 | 18 | 47 | 24 | 144 | 19 |
Obese | 36 | 10 | 11 | 6 | 54 | 7 |
Missing | 3 | 2 | 4 | |||
Household per capita income (kroner) | ||||||
≤50,000 | 42 | 11 | 17 | 9 | 73 | 10 |
50,001–75,000 | 67 | 18 | 28 | 15 | 110 | 15 |
75,001–100,000 | 81 | 22 | 41 | 21 | 161 | 21 |
100,001–150,000 | 107 | 29 | 76 | 39 | 273 | 36 |
≥150,001 | 69 | 19 | 31 | 16 | 136 | 18 |
Missing | 11 | 3 | 10 | |||
Infant's parent or grandparent had an oral cleft | ||||||
Yes | 31 | 8 | 17 | 9 | 8 | 1 |
Missing | 6 | 2 | 8 | |||
Infant had a noncleft birth defect | 63 | 17 | 78 | 40 | 38 | 5 |
Includes never married, divorced, and separated.
During the first 3 months of pregnancy.
Any intake of folic acid supplements (either alone or with multivitamins) during the month prior to pregnancy and the first 2 months of pregnancy.
Intake during the month prior to pregnancy and the first 2 months of pregnancy.