TABLE 1.

Characteristics of mothers of cases and controls and of their infants studied regarding first-trimester alcohol consumption and oral clefts, Norway, 1996–2001

	Cases				Controls (n = 763)
	Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (n = 377)		Cleft palate only (n = 196)
	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
Current marital status
Married	182	48	91	47	405	53
Living as married	177	47	96	49	329	43
Single*	18	5	8	4	28	4
Missing	0		1		1
Maternal age (years)
<25	71	19	36	18	125	16
25–29	136	36	75	38	295	39
30–34	120	32	55	28	231	30
≥35	50	13	30	15	112	15
Parity
1	151	40	88	45	292	38
2	138	37	63	32	290	38
3	63	17	36	18	132	17
≥4	25	7	9	5	49	6
Education
<High school	71	19	23	12	87	11
High school	94	25	48	25	211	28
Technical college	69	18	41	21	153	20
2–4-year college	124	33	72	37	265	35
University	19	5	12	6	46	6
Missing	0		0		1
Employment†
Yes	287	76	155	79	634	83
Missing	1		1		0
Cigarette smoking†
No exposure	152	40	92	47	414	54
Passive only	58	15	32	16	106	14
Active, 1–5 cigarettes/day	93	25	36	18	142	19
Active, 6–10 cigarettes/day	49	13	31	16	73	10
Active, ≥11 cigarettes/day	25	7	5	3	28	4
Total no. of alcoholic beverages consumed†
0	230	62	120	61	527	70
1–3	70	19	37	19	123	16
4–6	26	7	17	9	40	5
≥7	45	12	22	11	68	9
Missing	6		0		5
No. of drinking days†
0	230	61	120	61	527	69
1–2	104	28	54	28	164	21
3–6	24	6	14	7	30	4
≥7	19	5	8	4	42	6
Average no. of drinks per sitting†
0	230	62	120	61	527	69
1	64	17	41	21	126	17
2–4	52	14	23	12	81	11
≥5	25	7	12	6	24	3
Missing	6		0		5
Average no. of drinks per sitting/no. of drinking days†
Nondrinker	230	62	120	61	527	69
1–4 drinks/1–2 days	84	23	45	23	143	19
1–4 drinks/≥3 days	32	9	19	10	64	8
≥5 drinks/1–2 days	15	4	9	5	17	2
≥5 drinks/≥3 days	10	3	3	2	7	1
Missing	6		0		5
Folic acid supplement (mcg)‡
No supplement	240	64	119	61	453	59
1–399	86	23	46	23	165	22
≥400	51	14	31	16	145	19
Dietary folate (mcg) quartile†
0–171	111	31	62	33	176	25
172–214	88	25	44	23	177	25
215–264	81	23	36	19	177	25
≥265	74	21	46	24	174	25
Missing	23		8		59
Used multivitamins§	123	33	71	36	279	37
Prepregnancy body mass index
Underweight	15	4	10	5	28	4
Normal	256	68	126	65	533	70
Overweight	67	18	47	24	144	19
Obese	36	10	11	6	54	7
Missing	3		2		4
Household per capita income (kroner)
≤50,000	42	11	17	9	73	10
50,001–75,000	67	18	28	15	110	15
75,001–100,000	81	22	41	21	161	21
100,001–150,000	107	29	76	39	273	36
≥150,001	69	19	31	16	136	18
Missing	11		3		10
Infant's parent or grandparent had an oral cleft
Yes	31	8	17	9	8	1
Missing	6		2		8
Infant had a noncleft birth defect	63	17	78	40	38	5

^*Includes never married, divorced, and separated.

^†During the first 3 months of pregnancy.

^‡Any intake of folic acid supplements (either alone or with multivitamins) during the month prior to pregnancy and the first 2 months of pregnancy.

^§Intake during the month prior to pregnancy and the first 2 months of pregnancy.