Table 4.
Adult influences on carotid artery intima-media thickness in men and women at age 49-51 years. Values are standardised regression coefficients (95% confidence intervals)
| Independent variable | Men (n=154)
|
Women (n=193)
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted for adulthood | Adjusted for lifecourse | Unadjusted | Adjusted for adulthood | Adjusted for lifecourse | ||
| Adult socioeconomic position and lifestyle | |||||||
| Adult social class | −0.04 (−0.20 to 0.12) | −0.10 (−0.24 to 0.05) | |||||
| Cigarette smoking† | 0.06 (−0.10 to 0.22) | 0.20 (0.06 to 0.34)** | 0.17 (0.03 to 0.31)* | 0.18 (0.05 to 0.32)** | |||
| Exercise level | −0.20 (−0.35 to −0.04)* | −0.13 (−0.28 to 0.02) | −0.13 (−0.28 to 0.02) | −0.17 (−0.31 to −0.03)* | −0.13 (−0.27 to 0.01) | ||
| Physical inactivity | 0.08 (−0.08 to 0.24) | 0.04 (−0.10 to 0.18) | |||||
| Alcohol consumption† | −0.04 (−0.20 to 0.12) | 0.06 (−0.08 to 0.20) | |||||
| Total energy from fat (%) | 0.10 (−0.06 to 0.26) | 0.04 (−0.10 to 0.18) | |||||
| Adult biological risk markers | |||||||
| Systolic blood pressure | 0.23 (0.07 to 0.39)** | 0.20 (0.05 to 0.35)* | 0.20 (0.05 to 0.35)* | 0.14 (−0.01 to 0.28) | |||
| Waist to hip ratio | 0.23 (0.07 to 0.38)** | 0.24 (0.10 to 0.37)** | 0.21 (0.07 to 0.34)** | 0.22 (0.08 to 0.35)** | |||
| Concentrations: | |||||||
| Serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol | 0.14 (−0.02 to 0.30) | 0.04 (−0.11 to 0.18) | |||||
| Serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol‡ | −0.10 (−0.26 to 0.06) | −0.07 (−0.21 to 0.07) | |||||
| Serum triglycerides‡ | 0.16 (0.01 to 0.32)* | 0.10 (−0.05 to 0.24) | |||||
| Plasma fibrinogen‡ | 0.15 (−0.01 to 0.31) | 0.14 (−0.01 to 0.30) | 0.14 (−0.01 to 0.30) | 0.06 (−0.08 to 0.20) | |||
| 2 Hour plasma glucose‡ | 0.23 (0.07 to 0.39)** | 0.19 (0.04 to 0.34)* | 0.19 (0.04 to 0.34)* | −0.02 (−0.16 to 0.12) | |||
| Fasting serum insulin‡ | 0.18 (0.03 to 0.34)* | 0.07 (−0.08 to 0.21) | |||||
Regression coefficients expressed as standard deviation unit change in dependent variable produced by one standard deviation change in independent variable. Adjusted coefficients take account of significant and borderline significant covariates only (P<0.10 to enter, P⩾0.10 to remove). Adjustment for adulthood takes account of other variables in same group and of interaction between adult lifestyle and biological risk markers (pathway D on figure). Adjustment for lifecourse also takes account of indirect effects of early life experience (pathway C).
P<0.05; **P<0.01.
Adjusted for whether ever smoked or whether current drinker.
Log transformed.