Table 2.
Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals From Multinomial Logistic Regression for the Relation Between the Covariates and Self-reported Sleep Hours in a Usual 24-Hour Period, US Adults Aged 18 Years or Older, 2004–2007a
| Self-reported Sleep Hours |
P Valueb | ||||||||
| ≤5 vs. 7 |
6 vs. 7 |
8 vs. 7 |
≥9 vs. 7 |
||||||
| Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | ||
| Model 1: demographic status variablesc | |||||||||
| Demographic status | |||||||||
| Male | 0.93** | 0.88, 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.96, 1.04 | 0.90*** | 0.86, 0.93 | 0.84*** | 0.79, 0.89 | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 2.00*** | 1.84, 2.17 | 1.54*** | 1.44, 1.65 | 1.23*** | 1.16, 1.31 | 1.72*** | 1.59, 1.87 | |
| Other non-Hispanic | 1.39*** | 1.19, 1.63 | 1.27*** | 1.15, 1.42 | 1.03 | 0.92, 1.15 | 1.15 | 0.97, 1.37 | |
| Mexican American | 1.09 | 0.97, 1.23 | 1.10* | 1.00, 1.20 | 1.48*** | 1.38, 1.58 | 1.70*** | 1.52, 1.89 | |
| Other Hispanic | 1.63*** | 1.42, 1.87 | 1.24*** | 1.12, 1.38 | 1.06 | 0.97, 1.16 | 1.07 | 0.92, 1.24 | |
| Foreign born | 0.70*** | 0.63, 0.78 | 0.82*** | 0.77, 0.89 | 1.02 | 0.96, 1.09 | 0.78*** | 0.70, 0.87 | <0.001 |
| Model 2: family structure and socioeconomic status, adjusted for demographic status variablesc | |||||||||
| Family structure | |||||||||
| Any children | <0.001 | ||||||||
| No children | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| >0–<2 years | 1.34*** | 1.18, 1.51 | 1.28*** | 1.18, 1.39 | 0.80*** | 0.73, 0.87 | 0.72*** | 0.63, 0.82 | |
| 2–<6 years | 1.06 | 0.96, 1.18 | 1.07 | 0.99, 1.15 | 0.87*** | 0.82, 0.93 | 0.76*** | 0.68, 0.85 | |
| 6–<13 years | 0.95 | 0.87, 1.03 | 0.97 | 0.91, 1.03 | 0.86*** | 0.81, 0.90 | 0.85** | 0.77, 0.94 | |
| 13–<18 years | 1.00 | 0.91, 1.10 | 1.00 | 0.93, 1.06 | 0.90*** | 0.84, 0.95 | 0.78*** | 0.70, 0.88 | |
| Currently pregnant | 0.94 | 0.66, 1.34 | 0.88 | 0.69, 1.11 | 1.77*** | 1.49, 2.10 | 3.65*** | 2.96, 4.49 | <0.001 |
| Currently married | 0.76*** | 0.71, 0.81 | 0.86*** | 0.82, 0.90 | 1.07** | 1.02, 1.11 | 0.94 | 0.88, 1.00 | <0.001 |
| Socioeconomic status | |||||||||
| Hours worked per week | <0.001 | ||||||||
| ≥41 | 1.40*** | 1.24, 1.58 | 1.31*** | 1.20, 1.42 | 0.66*** | 0.61, 0.71 | 0.41*** | 0.36, 0.47 | |
| 35–40 | 0.81*** | 0.72, 0.90 | 0.97 | 0.90, 1.05 | 0.83*** | 0.78, 0.89 | 0.53*** | 0.47, 0.59 | |
| 1–34 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Not working | 1.33*** | 1.19, 1.48 | 1.02 | 0.94, 1.11 | 1.19*** | 1.10, 1.27 | 1.74*** | 1.58, 1.93 | |
| Education | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Less than high school degree | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| High school degree | 0.71*** | 0.65, 0.77 | 0.90** | 0.84, 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.89, 1.01 | 0.79*** | 0.73, 0.86 | |
| Some college | 0.78*** | 0.71, 0.85 | 0.92* | 0.86, 0.99 | 0.81*** | 0.76, 0.86 | 0.62*** | 0.56, 0.68 | |
| College degree or higher | 0.43*** | 0.38, 0.48 | 0.72*** | 0.66, 0.77 | 0.76*** | 0.71, 0.81 | 0.46*** | 0.41, 0.51 | |
| Ln(family income/10,000) | 0.77*** | 0.73, 0.80 | 0.91*** | 0.88, 0.95 | 0.97 | 0.94, 1.00 | 0.90*** | 0.86, 0.94 | <0.001 |
| Family income portfolio | 0.88*** | 0.85, 0.92 | 0.93*** | 0.90, 0.96 | 0.94*** | 0.92, 0.97 | 0.96* | 0.92, 0.99 | <0.001 |
| Model 3: health behaviors, adjusted for demographic status, family structure, and socioeconomic status variablescd | |||||||||
| Health behaviors | |||||||||
| Physical activity index | 1.01 | 0.98, 1.05 | 0.98 | 0.96, 1.00 | 0.96*** | 0.94, 0.98 | 0.86*** | 0.83, 0.89 | <0.001 |
| Smoking status | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Current packs smoked | 1.74*** | 1.60, 1.89 | 1.34*** | 1.26, 1.43 | 0.99 | 0.94, 1.06 | 1.45*** | 1.32, 1.59 | |
| Former smoker | 1.09* | 1.01, 1.18 | 1.12*** | 1.06, 1.18 | 0.99 | 0.94, 1.04 | 1.26*** | 1.17, 1.35 | |
| Never smoker | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Ln(≥1 days that binge drank) | 1.09*** | 1.05, 1.14 | 1.04** | 1.02, 1.07 | 0.97 | 0.94, 1.00 | 1.02 | 0.98, 1.06 | 0.003 |
| Model 4: health status, adjusted for demographic status, family structure, socioeconomic status, and health behavior variablescd | |||||||||
| Health status | |||||||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 1.24*** | 1.16, 1.33 | 1.11*** | 1.05, 1.17 | 0.98 | 0.94, 1.03 | 1.11* | 1.03, 1.19 | <0.001 |
| Acute respiratory condition | 1.21*** | 1.12, 1.30 | 1.11** | 1.05, 1.18 | 1.02 | 0.97, 1.08 | 1.05 | 0.97, 1.14 | <0.001 |
| Chronic respiratory condition | 1.25*** | 1.14, 1.36 | 1.08 | 1.00, 1.16 | 0.98 | 0.92, 1.04 | 1.05 | 0.96, 1.15 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 1.19** | 1.07, 1.33 | 1.09* | 1.01, 1.19 | 1.12** | 1.03, 1.20 | 1.25*** | 1.13, 1.38 | 0.002 |
| Pain | 1.69*** | 1.57, 1.81 | 1.29*** | 1.22, 1.35 | 0.89*** | 0.85, 0.93 | 0.97 | 0.90, 1.04 | <0.001 |
| Depression index | 1.23*** | 1.18, 1.27 | 1.09*** | 1.06, 1.13 | 1.03 | 1.00, 1.06 | 1.30*** | 1.25, 1.35 | <0.001 |
| Anxiety index | 1.22*** | 1.18, 1.27 | 1.10*** | 1.07, 1.13 | 0.89*** | 0.87, 0.92 | 0.93** | 0.89, 0.97 | <0.001 |
| Body mass | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Obese | 1.39*** | 1.29, 1.51 | 1.23*** | 1.16, 1.30 | 0.96 | 0.91, 1.02 | 1.07 | 0.99, 1.16 | |
| Overweight | 1.18*** | 1.10, 1.27 | 1.04 | 0.99, 1.10 | 0.99 | 0.95, 1.03 | 1.00 | 0.93, 1.08 | |
| Normal weight | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Underweight | 1.37* | 1.03, 1.84 | 1.19 | 0.98, 1.45 | 1.29** | 1.11, 1.50 | 1.51*** | 1.24, 1.84 | |
| Activity limitations | 1.59*** | 1.46, 1.73 | 1.13** | 1.05, 1.21 | 1.21*** | 1.13, 1.29 | 2.22*** | 2.04, 2.42 | <0.001 |
* P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 (2-tailed tests).
a
Unweighted N = 110,441.
b
P values come from Wald tests of the joint significance of the coefficients across all categories of the dependent variable.
c
All models use cubic splines to adjust for age in years, with knots at ages 35, 50, and 65 (refer to Figure 1).
d
All models that include the health behaviors also adjust for the number of drinks consumed in the last week, raised to the powers of 0.5 and 1 (refer to Figure 2).