Table 3.
Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals From Multinomial Logistic Regression for the Relation Between the Covariates and Self-reported Sleep Hours in a Usual 24-Hour Period, US Adults Aged 18 Years or Older, 2004–2007ab
| Self-reported Sleep Hours |
P Valuec | ||||||||
| ≤5 vs. 7 |
6 vs. 7 |
8 vs. 7 |
≥9 vs. 7 |
||||||
| Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | ||
| Demographic status | |||||||||
| Male | 1.03 | 0.96, 1.10 | 1.00 | 0.95, 1.04 | 0.96 | 0.92, 1.01 | 1.00 | 0.94, 1.07 | 0.357 |
| Race/ethnicity | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 1.78*** | 1.62, 1.96 | 1.47*** | 1.37, 1.59 | 1.12** | 1.05, 1.19 | 1.46*** | 1.33, 1.59 | |
| Other non-Hispanic | 1.54*** | 1.30, 1.82 | 1.37*** | 1.23, 1.52 | 0.99 | 0.88, 1.10 | 1.13 | 0.95, 1.34 | |
| Mexican American | 0.86* | 0.76, 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.91, 1.11 | 1.31*** | 1.22, 1.41 | 1.42*** | 1.27, 1.60 | |
| Other Hispanic | 1.31*** | 1.13, 1.52 | 1.15* | 1.03, 1.29 | 0.98 | 0.90, 1.08 | 0.91 | 0.78, 1.07 | |
| Foreign born | 0.91 | 0.82, 1.01 | 0.92* | 0.85, 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.91, 1.05 | 0.85** | 0.76, 0.95 | 0.023 |
| Family structure | |||||||||
| Any children | <0.001 | ||||||||
| No children | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| >0–<2 years | 1.41*** | 1.24, 1.60 | 1.29*** | 1.18, 1.40 | 0.79*** | 0.73, 0.86 | 0.73*** | 0.64, 0.84 | |
| 2–<6 years | 1.12* | 1.01, 1.23 | 1.08 | 1.00, 1.16 | 0.87*** | 0.82, 0.93 | 0.80*** | 0.72, 0.89 | |
| 6–<13 years | 1.00 | 0.92, 1.09 | 0.98 | 0.92, 1.04 | 0.86*** | 0.82, 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.82, 1.00 | |
| 13–<18 years | 1.06 | 0.96, 1.16 | 1.01 | 0.94, 1.08 | 0.90** | 0.85, 0.96 | 0.83** | 0.74, 0.93 | |
| Currently pregnant | 0.95 | 0.66, 1.36 | 0.85 | 0.68, 1.08 | 1.76*** | 1.48, 2.09 | 3.48*** | 2.83, 4.28 | <0.001 |
| Currently married | 0.84*** | 0.79, 0.90 | 0.89*** | 0.85, 0.93 | 1.07** | 1.02, 1.12 | 1.03 | 0.97, 1.10 | <0.001 |
| Socioeconomic status | |||||||||
| Hours worked per week | <0.001 | ||||||||
| ≥41 | 1.52*** | 1.34, 1.72 | 1.32*** | 1.21, 1.43 | 0.66*** | 0.61, 0.71 | 0.45*** | 0.39, 0.51 | |
| 35–40 | 0.93 | 0.83, 1.04 | 1.01 | 0.94, 1.09 | 0.82*** | 0.77, 0.88 | 0.57*** | 0.51, 0.63 | |
| 1–34 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Not working | 1.02 | 0.91, 1.14 | 0.94 | 0.87, 1.03 | 1.17*** | 1.09, 1.26 | 1.49*** | 1.34, 1.65 | |
| Education | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Less than high school degree | |||||||||
| High school degree | 0.87** | 0.79, 0.95 | 0.97 | 0.91, 1.04 | 0.95 | 0.89, 1.01 | 0.88** | 0.81, 0.96 | |
| Some college | 0.93 | 0.84, 1.02 | 1.00 | 0.93, 1.07 | 0.82*** | 0.77, 0.87 | 0.71*** | 0.65, 0.78 | |
| College degree or higher | 0.60*** | 0.53, 0.68 | 0.84*** | 0.77, 0.91 | 0.76*** | 0.71, 0.82 | 0.58*** | 0.52, 0.65 | |
| Ln(family income/10,000) | 0.89*** | 0.85, 0.93 | 0.97 | 0.93, 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.95, 1.01 | 0.99 | 0.94, 1.03 | <0.001 |
| Family income portfolio | 0.91*** | 0.87, 0.95 | 0.93*** | 0.90, 0.96 | 0.96** | 0.93, 0.98 | 1.01 | 0.97, 1.05 | <0.001 |
| Health behaviors | |||||||||
| Physical activity index | 1.05** | 1.02, 1.09 | 0.99 | 0.97, 1.02 | 0.96*** | 0.94, 0.98 | 0.90*** | 0.87, 0.93 | <0.001 |
| Smoking status | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Current packs smoked | 1.46*** | 1.34, 1.59 | 1.25*** | 1.17, 1.34 | 1.02 | 0.96, 1.08 | 1.32*** | 1.20, 1.45 | |
| Former smoker | 0.93 | 0.85, 1.00 | 1.05 | 0.99, 1.11 | 1.01 | 0.96, 1.06 | 1.17*** | 1.09, 1.25 | |
| Never smoker | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Ln(≥1 days that binge drank) | 1.05* | 1.01, 1.09 | 1.02 | 1.00, 1.05 | 0.98 | 0.95, 1.01 | 1.01 | 0.97, 1.05 | 0.052 |
| Health status | |||||||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 1.24*** | 1.16, 1.33 | 1.11*** | 1.05, 1.17 | 0.98 | 0.94, 1.03 | 1.11* | 1.03, 1.19 | <0.001 |
| Acute respiratory condition | 1.21*** | 1.12, 1.30 | 1.11** | 1.05, 1.18 | 1.02 | 0.97, 1.08 | 1.05 | 0.97, 1.14 | <0.001 |
| Chronic respiratory condition | 1.25*** | 1.14, 1.36 | 1.08 | 1.00, 1.16 | 0.98 | 0.92, 1.04 | 1.05 | 0.96, 1.15 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 1.19** | 1.07, 1.33 | 1.09* | 1.01, 1.19 | 1.12** | 1.03, 1.20 | 1.25*** | 1.13, 1.38 | 0.002 |
| Pain | 1.69*** | 1.57, 1.81 | 1.29*** | 1.22, 1.35 | 0.89*** | 0.85, 0.93 | 0.97 | 0.90, 1.04 | <0.001 |
| Depression index | 1.23*** | 1.18, 1.27 | 1.09*** | 1.06, 1.13 | 1.03 | 1.00, 1.06 | 1.30*** | 1.25, 1.35 | <0.001 |
| Anxiety index | 1.22*** | 1.18, 1.27 | 1.10*** | 1.07, 1.13 | 0.89*** | 0.87, 0.92 | 0.93** | 0.89, 0.97 | <0.001 |
| Body mass | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Obese | 1.39*** | 1.29, 1.51 | 1.23*** | 1.16, 1.30 | 0.96 | 0.91, 1.02 | 1.07 | 0.99, 1.16 | |
| Overweight | 1.18*** | 1.10, 1.27 | 1.04 | 0.99, 1.10 | 0.99 | 0.95, 1.03 | 1.00 | 0.93, 1.08 | |
| Normal weight | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Underweight | 1.37* | 1.03, 1.84 | 1.19 | 0.98, 1.45 | 1.29** | 1.11, 1.50 | 1.51*** | 1.24, 1.84 | |
| Activity limitations | 1.59*** | 1.46, 1.73 | 1.13** | 1.05, 1.21 | 1.21*** | 1.13, 1.29 | 2.22*** | 2.04, 2.42 | <0.001 |
* P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 (2-tailed tests).
a
Unweighted N = 110,441.
b
This model used cubic splines to adjust for age in years, with knots at ages 35, 50, and 65. This model also adjusts for the number of drinks consumed in the last week, raised to the powers of 0.5 and 1.
c
P values come from Wald tests of the joint significance of the coefficients across all categories of the dependent variable.