Table 1.
Variables Examined as Risk Factors for ESRD and Associated Data Sources and Definitions
| Risk Factor | Source | Classification | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Established Risk Factors | ||||
| Age at baseline examination, y | Self-report date of birth | ≤30 [Reference], 31–40, 41–50, 51–60, or >60 | ||
| Sex | Self-report | Male vs female [reference] | ||
| Race | Self-report | White [reference], African-American, Asian, or other | ||
| Blood pressure, mm Hg | Measured systolic/diastolic blood pressure | JNC 7 normal, <120/80 [reference]; prehypertension, 120–139/80–89; stage 1 hypertension, 140–159/90–99; or stage 2 hypertension, >160/100 | ||
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | Laboratory test | <1.10 [Reference], 1.10–1.59, 1.60–2.00, or >2.00 | ||
| History of diabetes mellitus | Self-report of physician diagnosis | Yes vs no [reference] | ||
| BMI | Measured height and weight | WHO: underweight (BMI <18.5); normal (BMI 18.5–24.9) [reference]; overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9); class 1 obesity (BMI 30.0–34.9); or classes 2 and 3 obesity (BMI ≥35.0) | ||
| Proteinuria |
|
Dipstick urinalysis | Negative [reference], trace, 1–2+, or 3–4+ | |
| Hematuria | Negative [reference], small, moderate, or large | |||
| Glycosuria | Negative [reference], light, medium, or dark | |||
| Level of educational attainment | Self-report | No college, some college, or college graduate or higher [reference] | ||
| Calendar year of examination | Administrative records | Continuous variable | ||
|
| ||||
| Novel Risk Factors—Clinical | ||||
| History of: | ||||
| Coronary artery disease | Self-report of physician diagnosis of heart attack (coronary, angina, infarction) |
|
Yes vs no [reference] | |
| Stroke | Self-report of physician diagnosis | |||
| Gout | Self-report of physician diagnosis | |||
| Kidney disease | Self-report of physician diagnosis of “kidney disease (such as nephritis)” | |||
| Kidney or bladder stones | Self-report of physician diagnosis | |||
| Nocturia | Self-report of “always having to interrupt sleep to urinate” | |||
| Kidney surgery | Self-report of history of operation on kidney | |||
| Abnormal ECG | Self-report of physician report of abnormal ECG | |||
| Cancer | Self-report of physician diagnosis | |||
| Kidney or bladder infection | Self-report of physician diagnosis | |||
| Prostate surgery | Self-report of history of operation on prostate | |||
| Pain with urination | Self-report of symptom | |||
| Difficulty with urination | Self-report of symptom | |||
| Loss of bladder control | Self-report of symptom | |||
| Bloody or dark-colored urine | Self-report of symptom | |||
| >10-lb Involuntary weight loss over the past 3–6 mo | Self-report of symptom | |||
| Currently pregnant | Self-report | |||
| Left ventricular hypertrophy on ECG |
|
ECG tracing | ||
| Right ventricular hypertrophy on ECG | ||||
| Probable old infarction on ECG | ||||
| Probable new infarction on ECG | ||||
| Pulse rate quartile, range, min |
|
Measured | ||
| 4 | 84–200 | |||
| 3 | 75–83 | |||
| 2 | 68–74 | |||
| 1 | 40–67 [Reference] | |||
| Serum cholesterol concentration quartile, range, mg/dL |
|
Laboratory | ||
| 4 | 245–570 | |||
| 3 | 220–244 | |||
| 2 | 192–219 | |||
| 1 | 50–191 [Reference] | |||
| Hemoglobin level quartile for women; men, range, mg/dL | ||||
| 4 | 13.9–19.8; 15.7–21.8 [References] | |||
| 3 | 13.2–13.8; 15.0–15.6 | |||
| 2 | 12.4–13.1; 14.2–14.9 | |||
| 1 | 3.6–12.3; 4.6–14.1 | |||
| Serum uric acid level quartile, range, mg/dL | ||||
| 4 | 6.00–14.9 | |||
| 3 | 5.10–5.99 | |||
| 2 | 4.18–5.09 | |||
| 1 | 0.10–4.17 [Reference] | |||
| White blood cell count quartile, range, ×109/L | ||||
| 4 | 8.6–75.0 | |||
| 3 | 7.2–8.5 | |||
| 2 | 6.1–7.1 | |||
| 1 | 1.4–6.0 [Reference] | |||
|
| ||||
| Novel Risk Factors—Family History | ||||
| Family history of kidney disease | Self-report of kidney disease in first-degree relative | Yes vs no [reference] | ||
| Family history of kidney stone | Self-report of kidney stone in first-degree relative | |||
|
| ||||
| Novel Risk Factors—Occupational Exposure | ||||
| Occupational exposure to | ||||
| Lead or other metal fumes |
|
Self-report of having worked in a place with frequent or daily exposure | Yes vs no [reference] | |
| Asbestos, cement, or grain dust | ||||
| Ammonia, chlorine, ozone, or nitrous gas | ||||
| Chemicals, cleaning fluids, or solvents | ||||
| Engine exhaust fumes, >2 h/d | ||||
| Extreme heat | ||||
| Insect or plant spray | ||||
| Silica, sandblasting, grinding, or rock dust | ||||
| Plastic or resin fumes | ||||
| X-ray or radiation | ||||
| UV radiation | ||||
|
| ||||
| Novel Risk Factors—Behavioral | ||||
| Cigarette smoking status |
|
Self-report | Never [reference], current, or former | |
| Alcohol intake in the past year, drinks/d | Never [reference], 1–2, 3–5, or >5 | |||
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); ECG, electrocardiogram; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; JNC 7, The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure; WHO, World Health Organization.
SI conversion factors: To convert serum creatinine to micromoles per liter, multiply by 88.4; cholesterol to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259; hemoglobulin to grams per liter, multiply by 10.0; pounds to kilograms, multiply by 0.45; serum uric acid to micromoles per liter, multiply by 59.485; white blood cell count to cells per microliter, divide by 0.001.