Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics of Subjects Who Did and Did Not Develop End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Based on Kaiser Permanente of Northern California Multiphasic Health Checkup, 1964–1973
| Characteristic | No ESRD (n=176 728) | ESRD (n=842) |
|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), y | 40.7 (14.0) | 42.3 (10.3) |
| Time of examination, No. (%) | ||
| 1964–1966 | 72 011 (40.7) | 359 (42.6) |
| 1967–1969 | 47 479 (26.9) | 225 (26.7) |
| 1970–1973 | 57 238 (32.4) | 258 (30.6) |
| Female sex, No. (%) | 95 965 (54.3) | 344 (40.9) |
| Race, No. (%) | ||
| White | 135 765 (76.8) | 398 (47.3) |
| African American | 26 144 (14.8) | 361 (42.9) |
| Asian | 7430 (4.2) | 35 (4.2) |
| Other | 7361 (4.2) | 48 (5.7) |
| Unknown | 28 (0.02) | 0 |
| Blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | ||
| Systolic | 130.7 (21.0) | 141.9 (23.5) |
| Diastolic | 77.0 (13.9) | 85.8 (15.3) |
| History of diabetes mellitus, No. (%) | 3997 (2.3) | 75 (8.9) |
| Educational attainment, No. (%) | ||
| No college | 86 706 (49.1) | 522 (62.0) |
| Some college | 50 194 (28.4) | 203 (24.1) |
| College graduate or higher | 30 502 (17.3) | 76 (9.0) |
| Unknown | 9326 (5.3) | 41 (4.9) |
| Body mass index, mean (SD)a | 24.7 (4.1) | 28.5 (5.7) |
| Serum creatinine level, mean (SD), mg/dL | 0.98 (0.27) | 1.09 (0.45) |
| Urine dipstick protein, No. (%) | ||
| Negative | 167 548 (94.8) | 678 (80.5) |
| Trace | 4570 (2.6) | 53 (6.3) |
| 1–2+ | 4131 (2.3) | 79 (9.4) |
| 3–4+ | 479 (0.3) | 32 (3.8) |
| Urine dipstick hemoglobin, No. (%) | ||
| Negative | 169 203 (95.7) | 791 (93.9) |
| Small | 5490 (3.1) | 31 (3.7) |
| Moderate | 1423 (0.8) | 13 (1.5) |
| Large | 612 (0.3) | 7 (0.8) |
| Urine dipstick glucose, No. (%) | ||
| Negative | 146 613 (83.0) | 643 (76.4) |
| Small | 11 638 (6.6) | 74 (8.8) |
| Medium | 10 831 (6.1) | 56 (6.7) |
| Dark | 7646 (4.3) | 69 (8.2) |
| Family history, No. (%) | ||
| Kidney disease | 6475 (3.7) | 43 (5.1) |
| Kidney stone | 5571 (3.2) | 23 (2.7) |
| Alcoholic drinks/d in past y, No. (%) | ||
| Never | 34 887 (19.7) | 186 (22.1) |
| 1–2 | 111 428 (63.1) | 508 (60.3) |
| 3–5 | 13 090 (7.4) | 68 (8.1) |
| >5 | 4193 (2.4) | 24 (2.9) |
| Unknown | 13 130 (7.4) | 56 (6.7) |
| Cigarette smoking history, No. (%) | ||
| Never | 65 998 (37.3) | 283 (33.6) |
| Former | 28 770 (16.3) | 131 (15.6) |
| Current | 67 401 (38.1) | 366 (43.5) |
| Unknown | 14 559 (8.2) | 62 (7.4) |
| History, No. (%) | ||
| Coronary artery disease | 3001 (1.7) | 13 (1.5) |
| Abnormal electrocardiogram | 7451 (4.2) | 37 (4.4) |
| Stroke | 839 (0.5) | 7 (0.8) |
| Cancer | 11 847 (6.7) | 56 (6.7) |
| Gout | 3146 (1.8) | 23 (2.7) |
| Kidney disease | 3612 (2.0) | 35 (4.2) |
| Kidney or bladder stone | 4364 (2.5) | 36 (4.3) |
| Kidney or bladder infection | 26 198 (14.8) | 116 (13.8) |
| Kidney surgery | 1298 (0.7) | 15 (1.8) |
| Prostate surgery | 1137 (0.6) | 7 (0.8) |
| Nocturia, self-reported | 40 753 (23.1) | 289 (34.3) |
| Pain with urination | 32 161 (18.2) | 144 (17.1) |
| Difficulty with urination | 16 535 (9.4) | 75 (8.9) |
| Loss of bladder control | 18 108 (10.2) | 84 (10.0) |
| History, No. (%) | ||
| Bloody or dark-colored urine | 7438 (4.2) | 37 (4.4) |
| >10-lb Involuntary weight loss over past 3–6 mo | 6240 (3.5) | 28 (3.3) |
| Currently pregnant, among women only, No. (%) | 1035 (1.1) | 1 (0.3) |
| Electrocardiogram findings, No. (%) | ||
| Left ventricular hypertrophy | 1055 (0.6) | 9 (1.1) |
| Right ventricular hypertrophy | 41 (0.02) | 0 |
| Probable old infarction | 635 (0.4) | 1 (0.1) |
| Probable new infarction | 11 (0.006) | 0 |
| Pulse rate, mean (SD), beats/min | 76.8 (12.9) | 79.0 (13.3) |
| Serum cholesterol concentration, mean (SD), mg/dL | 221.1 (43.7) | 226.5 (45.8) |
| Hemoglobin level, mean (SD), g/dL | 14.0 (1.5) | 14.0 (1.6) |
| Serum uric acid level, mean (SD), mg/dL | 5.2 (1.4) | 5.9 (1.6) |
| White blood cell count, mean (SD), ×109/L | 7.5 (1.9) | 7.5 (2.0) |
| Occupational exposure, No. (%) | ||
| Lead or other metal fumes | 8188 (4.6) | 66 (7.8) |
| Asbestos, cement, or grain dust | 6949 (3.9) | 54 (6.4) |
| Ammonia, chlorine, ozone, or nitrous gas | 10 810 (6.1) | 83 (9.9) |
| Chemicals, cleaning fluids, or solvents | 26 930 (15.2) | 184 (21.9) |
| Engine exhaust fumes, >2 h/d | 12 100 (6.8) | 101 (12.0) |
| Extreme heat | 8181 (4.6) | 63 (7.5) |
| Insect or plant spray | 7012 (4.0) | 55 (6.5) |
| Silica, sandblasting, grinding, or rock dust | 7107 (4.0) | 48 (5.7) |
| Plastic or resin fume | 5536 (3.1) | 31 (3.7) |
| X-ray or radiation | 6252 (3.5) | 33 (3.9) |
| UV radiation | 1638 (0.9) | 13 (1.5) |
SI conversion factors: To convert cholesterol concentration to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259; hemoglobin level to grams per liter, multiply by 10.0; pounds to kilograms, multiply by 0.45; serum creatinine level to micromoles per liter, multiply by 88.4; serum uric acid level to micromoles per liter, multiply by 59.485; white blood cell count to cells per microliter, divide by 0.001.
a
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.