Table 3.
Novel Risk Factors Associated With End-Stage Renal Disease on Univariate Survival Analysis
| Novel Risk Factor | Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) |
|---|---|
| Clinicala | |
| History of stroke | 2.15 (1.02–4.52) |
| History of gout | 1.80 (1.19–2.73) |
| History of kidney disease | 2.02 (1.44–2.84) |
| History of kidney or bladder stone | 1.91 (1.36–2.66) |
| History of nocturia, self-reported | 1.87 (1.62–2.16) |
| History of kidney surgery | 2.78 (1.67–4.63) |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy on electrocardiogram | 2.14 (1.11–4.12) |
| Serum cholesterol concentration quartile | |
| 4 | 1.55 (1.28–1.88) |
| 3 | 1.09 (0.89–1.33) |
| 2 | 1.09 (0.89–1.34) |
| 1 | 1 [Reference] |
| Hemoglobin level quartile | |
| 4 | 1 [Reference] |
| 3 | 0.98 (0.80–1.21) |
| 2 | 1.13 (0.93–1.37) |
| 1 | 1.31 (1.08–1.58) |
| Serum uric acid level quartile | |
| 4 | 4.33 (3.46–5.41) |
| 3 | 2.40 (1.89–3.05) |
| 2 | 1.76 (1.37–2.26) |
| 1 | 1 [Reference] |
| Family History | |
| Family history of kidney disease | 1.47 (1.08–1.99) |
| Occupational Exposure | |
| Lead or other metal fumes | 1.85 (1.44–2.38) |
| Asbestos, cement, or grain dust | 1.77 (1.34–2.33) |
| Ammonia, chlorine, ozone, or nitrous gas | 1.71 (1.37–2.15) |
| Chemicals, cleaning fluids, or solvents | 1.61 (1.37–1.90) |
| Engine exhaust fumes, >2 h/d | 2.00 (1.62–2.46) |
| Extreme heat | 1.73 (1.34–2.24) |
| Insect or plant spray | 1.78 (1.36–2.34) |
| Silica, sandblasting, grinding, or rock dust | 1.53 (1.15–2.05) |
| Behavioral | |
| Cigarette smoking history | |
| Never | 1 [Reference] |
| Former | 1.12 (0.91–1.38) |
| Current | 1.28 (1.10–1.50) |
| Alcoholic drinks/d in past y | |
| Never | 1 [Reference] |
| 1–2 | 0.83 (0.70–0.98) |
| 3–5 | 1.03 (0.78–1.36) |
| >5 | 1.19 (0.78–1.82) |
a
Quartile 4 is highest, and quartile 1 is lowest.