Figure 1.

In Experiments 1 and 2, participants first completed a cue-learning phase (A) in which some tones always preceded negative pictures and others always preceded neutral pictures (the tones started playing 250 ms before the picture appeared) and then completed a study phase in which they heard the each tone again while seeing a digit (B). In Experiment 2, positive arousing pictures were introduced as an additional category. Memory for the digit-tone associations was tested using forced choice between two digits after hearing the sound (C).