Fig. 2.

Mean (±SEM) HSF1 protein levels (a) were significantly decreased in the liver samples of diabetic monkeys (■) as compared to normoglycemic control monkeys (□). The main product of HSF1 transcriptional activation is HSP70 production. Consistent with the significant reduction in HSF1, we saw approximately 50% the level of HSP70 protein (p = 0.17) in the diabetic monkeys as compared to normoglycemic control monkeys (b, mean ± SEM). Liver HSP90 (c, mean ± SEM) also results from HSF1-mediated transcription and was similarly found to be less than a third of the levels of control monkeys (p = 0.07). d, e, and f show the mean (±SEM) levels of HSF1, HSP70, and HSP90, respectively, from total pancreas lysate of type 2 diabetic (■) and control (□) monkeys. In contrast to the expression pattern of these proteins in the liver, pancreas showed significantly elevated HSF1 (p < 0.01) and HSP70 (p = 0.05). HSP90 concordantly demonstrated a trend towards elevation (p = 0.09). g includes representative samples from Western blots of positive control (PC), liver and pancreas lysate of control (CTL), and diabetic (T2DM) monkeys