Table 2.

Predictive value of prescribing discrepancies for ADE.

	Prescribing discrepancies	ADEs	Positive predictive value	Example:
Drug or drug class	(N)*	(N)	(N/N) (95% CI)	Discrepancy (ADE)
Opioid analgesics	54	15	.28 (.17–.42)	Oxycodone omitted (pain)
Metronidazole	25	4	.16 (.05–.37)	Metronidazole omitted (diarrhea)
Non-opioid analgesics	37	5	.14 (.05–.30)	Acetaminophen omitted (pain)
Levothyroxine	17	2	.12 (.02–.38)	Levothyroxine omitted (constipation)
Anti-prostate agents	12	1	.08 (.00–.35)	Terazosin omitted (urinary retention)
Anti-arrhythmic agents	13	1	.08 (.00–.38)	Digoxin dose changed (elevated level)
Nitrates	43	3	.07 (.02–.20)	Nitrate route change (hypotension)
Warfarin	45	3	.07 (.02–.19)	Warfarin dose changed (thrombosis)
Calcium blockers	45	3	.07 (.02–.19)	Felodipine omitted (hypertension)
Benzodiazepines	30	2	.07 (.01–.24)	Clonazepam omitted (agitation)
Angiotensin blockers	80	5	.06 (.02–.15)	Lisinopril increased (creatinine increase)
Anti-epileptic agents	53	3	.06 (.02–.17)	Carbamazepine omitted (seizure)
Insulin	65	3	.05 (.01–.14)	Insulin omitted (hyperglycemia)
Anti-psychotic agents	55	2	.04 (.01–.14)	Risperidone omitted (agitation)
Laxatives	80	3	.04 (.01–.11)	Tegaserod omitted (constipation)
Diuretics	86	3	.03 (.01–.11)	Furosemide dose increased (hypotension)
Beta-blockers	62	2	.03 (.01–.12)	Metroprolol omitted (hypertension)
Bronchodilators	111	2	.02 (.00–.07)	Albuterol omitted (dyspnea)
Proton-pump inhibitors	123	2	.02 (.01–.08)	Pantoprazole omitted (epigastric pain)
Antibiotics**	176	1	.01 (.00–.04)	Antibiotic switch (angioedema)
H2 blockers	74	0	0 (0–.06)
Oral hypoglycemics	64	0	0 (0–.07)

^*Indicates prescribing omission, dose change, route change, or switch to a new medication for the same indication. Drugs or drug classes are included that had at least 10 discrepancy occurrences.

^**Excluding metronidazole, which is shown separately.