TABLE II.
HISTORY OF RHINOSINUSITIS OR ASTHMA/ALLERGY/ATOPY IN RELATION TO RISK OF LUNG CANCER, THE SINGAPORE CHINESE HEALTH STUDY
| Rhinosinusitis |
Asthma/Allergy/Atopy |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person-years | Cases | HR (95% CI)1 | Person-years | Cases | HR (95% CI)1 | |
| All subjects | ||||||
| No | 586,244 | 929 | 1.00 | 534,612 | 850 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 15,285 | 25 | 1.59 (1.06–2.37) | 66,917 | 104 | 1.11 (0.90–1.36) |
| Males | ||||||
| No | 253,270 | 641 | 1.00 | 234,242 | 593 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 7,736 | 15 | 1.32 (0.79–2.21) | 26,765 | 63 | 1.00 (0.77–1.30) |
| Female | ||||||
| No | 332,973 | 288 | 1.00 | 300,370 | 257 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 7,549 | 10 | 2.32 (1.23–4.39) | 40,152 | 41 | 1.31 (0.94–1.84) |
| Adenocarcinoma | ||||||
| No | 582,844 | 336 | 1.00 | 531,507 | 314 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 15,227 | 12 | 1.91 (1.07–3.42) | 66,564 | 34 | 0.97 (0.68–1.39) |
| Squamous/small cell carcinomas | ||||||
| No | 582,466 | 290 | 1.00 | 531,101 | 263 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 15,206 | 6 | 1.34 (0.59–3.01) | 66,570 | 33 | 1.14 (0.79–1.64) |
| Never smokers | ||||||
| No | 414,568 | 255 | 1.00 | 378,178 | 237 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 11,042 | 10 | 1.84 (0.97–3.47) | 47,432 | 28 | 1.04 (0.70–1.54) |
| Ever smokers | ||||||
| No | 171,675 | 674 | 1.00 | 156,434 | 613 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 4,244 | 15 | 1.43 (0.86–2.40) | 19,486 | 76 | 1.14 (0.90–1.45) |
1
All HRs are adjusted for age at enrollment, year of enrollment, gender (for total sample), dialect group (Hokkien, Cantonese), level of education (no formal education, primary school, and secondary or higher education), body mass index (kg/m2, continuous), number of cigarettes smoked per day (never smoker, 1–12, 13–22, or ≥23), number of years of smoking (never smokers, 1–19, 20–39, or ≥40), number of years since quitting smoking (continuous smokers, <1, 1–4, 5–19, ≥20, or never smokers), and dietary intakes of β-cryptoxanthin (mg/1,000 kcal) and total isothiocyanates (μmol/1,000 kcal).