TABLE 2.
Multivariate hazard ratios (and 95% CIs) for the association of nutrient intake, by quartile (Q), with prostate cancer–specific and overall mortality in a prospective cohort study of 525 prostate cancer cases, Örebro County, Sweden
| Prostate cancer–specific mortality |
Overall mortality |
|||||||
| No. of prostate cancer deaths | Hazard ratio (95% CI) |
No. of all-cause deaths | Hazard ratio (95% CI) |
|||||
| Nutrient intake | Nutrient range1 | Person-years of follow-up | Model 12 | Model 23 | Model 12 | Model 23 | ||
| Folate (μg/d) | ||||||||
| Q1 | 148–210 | 969 | 52 | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 120 | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| Q2 | 210–238 | 907 | 63 | 1.29 (0.88, 1.89) | 1.49 (0.99, 2.23) | 124 | 1.27 (0.98, 1.65) | 1.41 (1.08, 1.84) |
| Q3 | 238–271 | 976 | 49 | 0.89 (0.60, 1.33) | 1.10 (0.72, 1.68) | 120 | 1.12 (0.86, 1.46) | 1.26 (0.96, 1.65) |
| Q4 | 271–449 | 1134 | 54 | 0.81 (0.54, 1.21) | 0.88 (0.57, 1.36) | 111 | 0.92 (0.70, 1.21) | 1.02 (0.77, 1.34) |
| P for trend | 0.12 | 0.26 | 0.32 | 0.83 | ||||
| Riboflavin (mg/d) | ||||||||
| Q1 | 1.1–1.9 | 977 | 53 | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 116 | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| Q2 | 1.9–2.1 | 998 | 60 | 1.03 (0.71, 1.51) | 1.11 (0.74, 1.65) | 122 | 1.03 (0.79, 1.34) | 1.13 (0.86, 1.48) |
| Q3 | 2.1–2.4 | 1026 | 49 | 0.82 (0.55, 1.23) | 0.73 (0.48, 1.12) | 117 | 0.96 (0.74, 1.25) | 0.91 (0.69, 1.19) |
| Q4 | 2.4–3.4 | 985 | 56 | 1.02 (0.69, 1.50) | 1.00 (0.66, 1.51) | 120 | 1.12 (0.86, 1.46) | 1.18 (0.91, 1.54) |
| P for trend | 0.85 | 0.63 | 0.47 | 0.46 | ||||
| Vitamin B-6 (mg/d) | ||||||||
| Q1 | 1.3–1.9 | 896 | 53 | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 123 | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| Q2 | 1.9–2.1 | 892 | 57 | 1.05 (0.72, 1.55) | 1.29 (0.86, 1.93) | 117 | 1.07 (0.82, 1.39) | 1.11 (0.85, 1.45) |
| Q3 | 2.1–2.2 | 1096 | 58 | 0.83 (0.56, 1.22) | 1.03 (0.69, 1.54) | 121 | 0.81 (0.62, 1.05) | 0.87 (0.67, 1.13) |
| Q4 | 2.2–2.9 | 1102 | 50 | 0.70 (0.46, 1.05) | 0.71 (0.46, 1.10) | 114 | 0.83 (0.63, 1.09) | 0.85 (0.64, 1.13) |
| P for trend | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.11 | ||||
| Vitamin B-12 (μg/d) | ||||||||
| Q1 | 0.7–5.4 | 1048 | 56 | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 116 | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| Q2 | 5.4–7.3 | 1015 | 58 | 1.06 (0.73, 1.55) | 1.02 (0.69, 1.52) | 122 | 1.05 (0.81, 1.38) | 1.06 (0.81, 1.39) |
| Q3 | 7.3–10.7 | 948 | 57 | 1.05 (0.71, 1.54) | 1.00 (0.67, 1.50) | 119 | 1.07 (0.82, 1.41) | 1.09 (0.82, 1.44) |
| Q4 | 10.7–26.2 | 975 | 47 | 0.90 (0.60, 1.36) | 0.79 (0.51, 1.21) | 118 | 1.31 (1.00, 1.72) | 1.28 (0.97, 1.69) |
| P for trend | 0.57 | 0.23 | 0.05 | 0.08 | ||||
| Methionine (g/d) | ||||||||
| Q1 | 1.2–1.8 | 1017 | 48 | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 112 | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| Q2 | 1.8–1.9 | 988 | 64 | 1.36 (0.92, 2.01) | 1.31 (0.87, 1.96) | 123 | 1.09 (0.83, 1.42) | 1.06 (0.81, 1.39) |
| Q3 | 1.9–2.1 | 1015 | 54 | 1.21 (0.81, 1.81) | 1.20 (0.78, 1.83) | 118 | 1.06 (0.81, 1.39) | 1.08 (0.82, 1.42) |
| Q4 | 2.1–3.5 | 966 | 52 | 1.07 (0.71, 1.60) | 1.14 (0.75, 1.74) | 122 | 1.17 (0.89, 1.52) | 1.20 (0.91, 1.57) |
| P for trend | 0.98 | 0.68 | 0.30 | 0.19 | ||||
| Alcohol | ||||||||
| Nondrinker | 1966 | 101 | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 224 | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | |
| <55 g/wk | 1077 | 53 | 0.92 (0.65, 1.31) | 1.09 (0.75, 1.58) | 126 | 0.96 (0.76, 1.21) | 1.04 (0.82, 1.33) | |
| ≥55 g/wk | 943 | 64 | 1.30 (0.92, 1.84) | 1.31 (0.90, 1.90) | 125 | 1.10 (0.86, 1.40) | 1.06 (0.83, 1.36) | |
| P for trend | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.36 | 0.68 | ||||
Ranges may overlap because of rounding.
Cox proportional hazards regression model adjusted for age at diagnosis (41–64, 65–69, 70–74, and 75–79 y), calendar year of diagnosis (1989–1991 and 1992–1994), nonalcohol energy intake (continuous), height (continuous), BMI at diagnosis (continuous), and smoking status (never, former, current, or missing). Models for folate, riboflavin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and methionine were additionally adjusted for alcohol use (nondrinker, <55 g/wk, and ≥55 g/wk).
Cox proportional hazards regression model additionally adjusted for clinical stage (T0–1, T2, T3, or T4/M1), tumor grade (well, moderately, or poorly differentiated), family history of prostate cancer in father or brother (yes or no), and primary treatment (watchful waiting, hormones, prostatectomy, or other).