TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of Diabetes Prevention Program participants by category of alcohol consumption1
| Alcohol consumption |
||||
| Characteristic | None (n = 1772) | <1 drink/wk (n = 608) | 1–6 drinks/wk (n = 647) | ≥1 drink/d (n = 148) |
| Treatment arm [% (n)] | ||||
| Placebo | 57 (605) | 18 (191) | 21 (224) | 4 (44) |
| Metformin | 54 (575) | 20 (209) | 21 (220) | 5 (53) |
| Lifestyle | 56 (592) | 20 (208) | 19 (203) | 5 (51) |
| Age [% (n)]2 | ||||
| 25–44 y | 73 (715) | 13 (124) | 12 (122) | 2 (19) |
| 45–59 y | 50 (751) | 22 (336) | 23 (339) | 5 (69) |
| 60–85 y | 43 (277) | 22 (138) | 27 (171) | 9 (55) |
| Sex [% (n)]2 | ||||
| Men | 41 (425) | 19 (197) | 31 (316) | 9 (87) |
| Women | 63 (1347) | 19 (411) | 15 (331) | 3 (61) |
| Race-ethnicity [% (n)]2 | ||||
| White | 47 (830) | 22 (377) | 25 (436) | 6 (107) |
| African American | 62 (388) | 18 (114) | 17 (109) | 3 (17) |
| Hispanic | 63 (314) | 16 (81) | 17 (82) | 4 (19) |
| Asian | 73 (101) | 17 (23) | —3 | —3 |
| American Indian | 86 (139) | —3 | —3 | —3 |
| Weight (kg) | 94.7 ± 21.24 | 93.4 ± 18.9 | 94.3 ± 19.1 | 91.3 ± 17.1 |
| BMI (kg/m2)2 | 34.8 ± 7.1 | 33.6 ± 6.2 | 32.7 ± 5.9 | 31.6 ± 5.2 |
| Energy (kcal/d)2 | 2127 ± 1032 | 2046 ± 988 | 2144 ± 1056 | 2368 ± 1167 |
| Protein (g/d) | 88.1 ± 44.0 | 87.0 ± 43.1 | 90.8 ± 45.8 | 93.8 ± 47.1 |
| Carbohydrate (g/d) | 257.9 ± 122.8 | 248.7 ± 117.7 | 255.7 ± 126.8 | 266.9 ± 139.7 |
| Fat (g/d) | 83.5 ± 48.5 | 78.8 ± 46.3 | 81.6 ± 48.8 | 86.1 ± 52.4 |
| Coffee and tea [% (n)]2 | ||||
| None | 14 (243) | 6 (35) | 5 (31) | 5 (7) |
| >0 to ≤2 cups/d | 54 (949) | 49 (297) | 45 (284) | 33 (48) |
| >2 to ≤4 cups/d | 24 (422) | 34 (202) | 37 (237) | 48 (70) |
| >4 cups/d | 8 (136) | 11 (69) | 13 (86) | 14 (21) |
| Smoking [% (n)]2 | ||||
| Never | 66 (1176) | 55 (335) | 45 (290) | 39 (57) |
| Past | 28 (488) | 38 (229) | 46 (300) | 53 (78) |
| Current | 6 (108) | 7 (44) | 9 (57) | 9 (13) |
| Exercise (MET-h/wk)2 | 15.32 ± 27.4 | 17.1 ± 29.7 | 17.3 ± 17.5 | 22.4 ± 22.0 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)2 | 1.17 ± 0.30 | 1.18 ± 0.29 | 1.21 ± 0.33 | 1.24 ± 0.37 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.20 ± 0.84 | 3.26 ± 0.85 | 3.26 ± 0.85 | 3.26 ± 0.90 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.81 ± 1.09 | 1.90 ± 1.07 | 1.90 ± 1.08 | 1.86 ± 1.16 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L)2 | 5.88 ± 0.46 | 5.92 ± 0.46 | 5.96 ± 0.47 | 5.99 ± 0.48 |
| Glucose at 120 min (mmol/L) | 9.15 ± 0.96 | 9.17 ± 0.92 | 9.09 ± 0.92 | 9.07 ± 0.96 |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/L)2 | 194.5 ± 103.5 | 176.4 ± 97.2 | 172.2 ± 109.0 | 159.7 ± 91.0 |
| CIR30 [pmol/L/(mmol/L)2] × 100 | 0.68 ± 0.44 | 0.60 ± 0.41 | 0.56 ± 0.40 | 0.51 ± 0.33 |
| HOMA-IR (μU/mL · mmol/L)2 | 7.39 ± 4.11 | 6.73 ± 3.87 | 6.63 ± 4.37 | 6.16 ± 3.52 |
| CRP (μg/mL)2 | 0.64 ± 0.80 | 0.53 ± 0.50 | 0.52 ± 0.74 | 0.49 ± 0.69 |
1
Percentages should be summed across rows for treatment arm, age, sex, and race-ethnicity and should be summed within columns for coffee and tea and smoking; percentages may not add up to 100 because of rounding. MET, metabolic equivalent task; CIR30, corrected insulin response at 30 min; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; CRP, C-reactive protein.
2
P < 0.01 for chi-square test of discrete variables and ANOVA of continuous variables.
3
Data for groups with sample sizes <15 are not shown.
4
Mean ± SD (all such values).