. 2009 Jul 29;90(3):595–601. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27382

TABLE 2.

Adjusted diabetes hazard ratios (and 95% CIs) in Diabetes Prevention Program participants by alcohol consumption category and treatment arm

	Alcohol consumption
Treatment arm	None (n = 1772)	<1 drink/wk (n = 608)	1–6 drinks/wk (n = 647)	≥1 drink/d (n = 148)	P for trend
Interim model¹
Placebo	1	1.17 (0.85, 1.60)	1.16 (0.85, 1.58)	1.54 (0.56, 1.98)	0.37
Metformin	1	0.71 (0.49, 1.03)	0.69 (0.48, 0.99)	0.51 (0.24, 1.12)	0.011
Lifestyle	1	1.03 (0.67, 1.56)	0.80 (0.50, 1.29)	0.35 (0.08, 1.44)	0.16
Fully adjusted²
Placebo	1	1.09 (0.79, 1.50)	1.08 (0.79, 1.47)	0.87 (0.47, 1.67)	0.83
Metformin³	1	0.83 (0.57, 1.22)	0.58 (0.39, 0.84)	0.46 (0.21, 1.01)	0.001
Lifestyle⁴	1	0.80 (0.52, 1.23)	0.64 (0.40, 1.05)	0.28 (0.07, 1.16)	0.016
Fully adjusted, excluding current smokers²
Placebo	1	1.16 (0.83, 1.62)	1.80 (0.77, 1.51)	1.16 (0.60, 2.26)	0.52
Metformin³	1	0.82 (0.55, 1.23)	0.60 (0.41, 0.90)	0.44 (0.19, 1.03)	0.003
Lifestyle⁴	1	0.74 (0.46, 1.19)	0.52 (0.31, 0.88)	0.27 (0.07, 1.14)	0.003

Based on Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, sex, self-reported ethnicity, weight, exercise, calorie intake, weight over time, calories over time, and exercise over time.

Based on Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, sex, self-reported ethnicity, baseline weight, exercise, calorie intake, C-reactive protein, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, corrected insulin response at 30 min, fasting plasma glucose, weight over time, calories over time, exercise over time, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance over time, and corrected insulin response at 30 min over time.

Significant interaction between treatment group and alcohol consumption for metformin compared with placebo, P = 0.04

⁴

Significant interaction between treatment group and alcohol consumption for lifestyle compared with placebo, P = 0.01.