TABLE 3.
Cumulative long-chain omega-3 fatty acid intake and relative risk (RR) of diabetes mellitus in cohorts of women and men1
| Long-chain omega-3 fatty acid intake |
|||||||||||
| 0 g/d | >0–0.05 g/d | >0.05–0.1 g/d | >0.1–0.15 g/d | >0.15–0.20 g/d | >0.20–0.25 g/d | >0.25–0.30 g/d | >0.30–0.35 g/d | >0.35–0.40 g/d | >0.40 g/d | P for trend | |
| NHS | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 199 | 616 | 695 | 626 | 548 | 401 | 323 | 246 | 124 | 381 | |
| Person-years | 57,079 | 159,077 | 182,188 | 152,265 | 128,511 | 99,660 | 74,118 | 50,237 | 33,514 | 85,159 | |
| Multivariate-adjusted RR2 | 1 | 1.07 (0.91, 1.26) | 1.06 (0.91, 1.25) | 1.16 (0.98, 1.36) | 1.23 (1.05, 1.46) | 1.22 (1.03, 1.45) | 1.32 (1.10, 1.58) | 1.46 (1.21, 1.77) | 1.12 (0.89, 1.40) | 1.35 (1.13, 1.61) | <0.001 |
| NHS2 | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 214 | 552 | 558 | 412 | 305 | 221 | 166 | 112 | 54 | 134 | |
| Person-years | 108,711 | 260,136 | 254,730 | 187,893 | 134,230 | 988,802 | 70,684 | 44,008 | 28,204 | 66,859 | |
| Multivariate-adjusted RR2 | 1 | 1.00 (0.86, 1.18) | 1.03 (0.88, 1.21) | 1.05 (0.89, 1.24) | 1.12 (0.94, 1.34) | 1.18 (0.98, 1.43) | 1.28 (1.04, 1.58) | 1.47 (1.17, 1.86) | 1.07 (0.79, 1.45) | 1.14 (0.91, 1.43) | 0.006 |
| HPFS | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 98 | 225 | 283 | 259 | 228 | 252 | 226 | 208 | 155 | 559 | |
| Person-years | 28,012 | 59,984 | 79,702 | 69,957 | 64,280 | 69,200 | 65,326 | 51,510 | 42,185 | 147,861 | |
| Multivariate-adjusted RR2 | 1 | 0.90 (0.73, 1.10) | 0.92 (0.75, 1.12) | 1.00 (0.81, 1.23) | 0.90 (0.73, 1.10) | 0.91 (0.74, 1.13) | 1.02 (0.83, 1.26) | 1.08 (0.87, 1.36) | 1.01 (0.79, 1.28) | 1.05 (0.86, 1.29) | 0.04 |
NHS, Nurses' Health Study; NHS2, Nurses' Health Study 2; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-Up Study.
Multivariate model adjusted for smoking (never, past, 1–14 cigarettes/d, 15–24 cigarettes/d, or >24 cigarettes/d); alcohol consumption (0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–9.9, or ≥10 g/d); physical activity (quintiles; metabolic equivalent tasks/d); family history of diabetes mellitus; BMI (10 categories); intakes of saturated fat, trans fats, linolenic acid, linoleic acid, caffeine, and cereal fiber; glycemic index (all quintiles); and calories (quintiles). In the NHS, the multivariate models were also adjusted for menopausal status and postmenopausal hormone use. In the NHS2, the multivariate models were also adjusted for use of hormone replacement therapy (ever or never) and oral contraceptive use (never, past, or current).