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. 2009 Jul 29;90(3):655–663. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27749

TABLE 1.

Independent correlates of contributors of water intake among Americans aged ≥20 y: continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (c-NHANES) 2005–20061

Plain water Moisture in beverages Moisture in foods Total water
g g g g
All (unadjusted) n = 4112 1057 ± 52 1537 ± 43 578 ± 11 3172 ± 66
All (n = 3878; adjusted for covariates)2 1061 ± 51 1539 ± 43 580 ± 12 3179 ± 68
Sex
 Males 1044 ± 48 1783 ± 55 641 ± 16 3467 ± 79
 Females 1079 ± 67 1298 ± 35 520 ± 13 2897 ± 72
P value 0.5 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001
Race-ethnicity
 Non-Hispanic white 1090 ± 62 1657 ± 46 581 ± 12 3327 ± 80
 Non-Hispanic black 979 ± 64 1139 ± 40 518 ± 17 2636 ± 86
 Mexican-American 1009 ± 54 1272 ± 66 597 ± 19 2877 ± 107
 Other 963 ± 78 1267 ± 99 644 ± 28 2873 ± 126
P value 0.2 <0.0001 0.004 <0.0001
Age
 20–39 y 1181 ± 83 1555 ± 68 566 ± 14 3300 ± 118
 40–59 y 1104 ± 63 1693 ± 53 593 ± 19 3390 ± 70
 ≥60 y 809 ± 41 1262 ± 48 580 ± 12 2650 ± 65
P value 0.003 <0.0001 0.3 <0.0001
Years of education
 <12 900 ± 57 1619 ± 105 548 ± 16 3066 ± 133
 12 980 ± 70 1549 ± 52 538 ± 15 3067 ± 83
 >12 1142 ± 51 1512 ± 39 607 ± 12 3260 ± 56
P value 0.003 0.4 0.0002 0.04
Poverty-income ratio
 <1 953 ± 88 1504 ± 86 600 ± 19 3057 ± 99
 1–<2 1024 ± 73 1488 ± 41 598 ± 15 3111 ± 98
 ≥2 1088 ± 55 1558 ± 54 572 ± 14 3217 ± 73
P value 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.2
Smoking status
 Never smoked 1121 ± 56 1327 ± 53 598 ± 14 3045 ± 70
 Former smoker 1028 ± 50 1528 ± 53 611 ± 13 3167 ± 100
 Current smoker 976 ± 83 1972 ± 55 513 ± 15 3460 ± 85
P value 0.09 <0.0001 0.0002 0.0003
Any leisure physical activity lasting ≥10 min over the previous month?
 Yes 1112 ± 50 1543 ± 44 587 ± 13 3242 ± 72
 No 933 ± 64 1528 ± 58 561 ± 16 3021 ± 69
P value 0.001 0.8 0.2 0.0003
Average activity on a usual day?
 Mostly sitting 998 ± 64 1487 ± 65 584 ± 17 3068 ± 58
 Mostly standing 1060 ± 61 1471 ± 37 579 ± 8 3110 ± 74
 Carry light loads or climb hills 1100 ± 93 1680 ± 87 577 ± 19 3357 ± 109
 Heavy work or carry heavy loads 1142 ± 110 1733 ± 55 582 ± 29 3457 ± 123
P value 0.6 0.01 1.0 0.004
Body mass index3
 <25 kg/m2 989 ± 55 1398 ± 33 581 ± 19 2967 ± 78
 25–<30 kg/m2 1041 ± 65 1589 ± 62 561 ± 13 3190 ± 85
 ≥30 kg/m2 1152 ± 86 1625 ± 58 598 ± 10 3375 ± 89
P value 0.2 0.002 0.07 0.001
Day of recalled dietary intake
 Monday–Thursday 1068 ± 61 1507 ± 59 599 ± 17 3173 ± 78
 Friday–Sunday 1053 ± 49 1581 ± 36 554 ± 8 3187 ± 68
P value 0.7 0.2 0.006 0.8
Self-reported chronic disease?
 Yes 1126 ± 75 1538 ± 55 583 ± 15 3245 ± 83
 No 1026 ± 43 1539 ± 44 578 ± 10 3143 ± 67
P value 0.08 1.0 0.7 0.1
1

All values are adjusted means ± SEs unless otherwise indicated. The level of significance for each variable from multiple linear regressions in the presence of other variables in the model is based on an F-statistic that includes the Satterthwaite correction for the df. The multiple linear regression models included all covariates listed above, with plain water listed above, food and beverage moisture, or total water as a continuous dependent.

2

After exclusion of those missing information on any covariate (n = 3878).

3

The models also included the ratio of reported energy intake to estimated basal energy expenditure as an independent variable.

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