TABLE 1.
Independent correlates of contributors of water intake among Americans aged ≥20 y: continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (c-NHANES) 2005–20061
Plain water | Moisture in beverages | Moisture in foods | Total water | |
g | g | g | g | |
All (unadjusted) n = 4112 | 1057 ± 52 | 1537 ± 43 | 578 ± 11 | 3172 ± 66 |
All (n = 3878; adjusted for covariates)2 | 1061 ± 51 | 1539 ± 43 | 580 ± 12 | 3179 ± 68 |
Sex | ||||
Males | 1044 ± 48 | 1783 ± 55 | 641 ± 16 | 3467 ± 79 |
Females | 1079 ± 67 | 1298 ± 35 | 520 ± 13 | 2897 ± 72 |
P value | 0.5 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Race-ethnicity | ||||
Non-Hispanic white | 1090 ± 62 | 1657 ± 46 | 581 ± 12 | 3327 ± 80 |
Non-Hispanic black | 979 ± 64 | 1139 ± 40 | 518 ± 17 | 2636 ± 86 |
Mexican-American | 1009 ± 54 | 1272 ± 66 | 597 ± 19 | 2877 ± 107 |
Other | 963 ± 78 | 1267 ± 99 | 644 ± 28 | 2873 ± 126 |
P value | 0.2 | <0.0001 | 0.004 | <0.0001 |
Age | ||||
20–39 y | 1181 ± 83 | 1555 ± 68 | 566 ± 14 | 3300 ± 118 |
40–59 y | 1104 ± 63 | 1693 ± 53 | 593 ± 19 | 3390 ± 70 |
≥60 y | 809 ± 41 | 1262 ± 48 | 580 ± 12 | 2650 ± 65 |
P value | 0.003 | <0.0001 | 0.3 | <0.0001 |
Years of education | ||||
<12 | 900 ± 57 | 1619 ± 105 | 548 ± 16 | 3066 ± 133 |
12 | 980 ± 70 | 1549 ± 52 | 538 ± 15 | 3067 ± 83 |
>12 | 1142 ± 51 | 1512 ± 39 | 607 ± 12 | 3260 ± 56 |
P value | 0.003 | 0.4 | 0.0002 | 0.04 |
Poverty-income ratio | ||||
<1 | 953 ± 88 | 1504 ± 86 | 600 ± 19 | 3057 ± 99 |
1–<2 | 1024 ± 73 | 1488 ± 41 | 598 ± 15 | 3111 ± 98 |
≥2 | 1088 ± 55 | 1558 ± 54 | 572 ± 14 | 3217 ± 73 |
P value | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
Smoking status | ||||
Never smoked | 1121 ± 56 | 1327 ± 53 | 598 ± 14 | 3045 ± 70 |
Former smoker | 1028 ± 50 | 1528 ± 53 | 611 ± 13 | 3167 ± 100 |
Current smoker | 976 ± 83 | 1972 ± 55 | 513 ± 15 | 3460 ± 85 |
P value | 0.09 | <0.0001 | 0.0002 | 0.0003 |
Any leisure physical activity lasting ≥10 min over the previous month? | ||||
Yes | 1112 ± 50 | 1543 ± 44 | 587 ± 13 | 3242 ± 72 |
No | 933 ± 64 | 1528 ± 58 | 561 ± 16 | 3021 ± 69 |
P value | 0.001 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.0003 |
Average activity on a usual day? | ||||
Mostly sitting | 998 ± 64 | 1487 ± 65 | 584 ± 17 | 3068 ± 58 |
Mostly standing | 1060 ± 61 | 1471 ± 37 | 579 ± 8 | 3110 ± 74 |
Carry light loads or climb hills | 1100 ± 93 | 1680 ± 87 | 577 ± 19 | 3357 ± 109 |
Heavy work or carry heavy loads | 1142 ± 110 | 1733 ± 55 | 582 ± 29 | 3457 ± 123 |
P value | 0.6 | 0.01 | 1.0 | 0.004 |
Body mass index3 | ||||
<25 kg/m2 | 989 ± 55 | 1398 ± 33 | 581 ± 19 | 2967 ± 78 |
25–<30 kg/m2 | 1041 ± 65 | 1589 ± 62 | 561 ± 13 | 3190 ± 85 |
≥30 kg/m2 | 1152 ± 86 | 1625 ± 58 | 598 ± 10 | 3375 ± 89 |
P value | 0.2 | 0.002 | 0.07 | 0.001 |
Day of recalled dietary intake | ||||
Monday–Thursday | 1068 ± 61 | 1507 ± 59 | 599 ± 17 | 3173 ± 78 |
Friday–Sunday | 1053 ± 49 | 1581 ± 36 | 554 ± 8 | 3187 ± 68 |
P value | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.006 | 0.8 |
Self-reported chronic disease? | ||||
Yes | 1126 ± 75 | 1538 ± 55 | 583 ± 15 | 3245 ± 83 |
No | 1026 ± 43 | 1539 ± 44 | 578 ± 10 | 3143 ± 67 |
P value | 0.08 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.1 |
All values are adjusted means ± SEs unless otherwise indicated. The level of significance for each variable from multiple linear regressions in the presence of other variables in the model is based on an F-statistic that includes the Satterthwaite correction for the df. The multiple linear regression models included all covariates listed above, with plain water listed above, food and beverage moisture, or total water as a continuous dependent.
After exclusion of those missing information on any covariate (n = 3878).
The models also included the ratio of reported energy intake to estimated basal energy expenditure as an independent variable.