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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Hypertension. 2009 Mar 9;53(5):860–866. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.128116

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Forest plot shows the hazard ratios of antihypertensive therapy on cardiovascular events. When studies were divided based on inclusion of normotensive subjects, it was found that those studies that included normotensive subjects did not consistently demonstrate cardiovascular protection, whereas those which included only hypertensive subjects provided significant protection. The test for interaction based on the grouping variable of presence or absence of normotension was significant (p=0.004). There was still significant heterogeneity between studies in hypertensive hemodialysis patients only. This may be due to study design. For example Takahashi et al studied primary prevention, whereas Suzuki and Tepel did not exclude patients with prior cardiovascular events.