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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Hypertension. 2009 Mar 9;53(5):860–866. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.128116

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Forest plot shows the risk ratios of antihypertensive therapy on cardiovascular events. When studies were divided based on inclusion of normotensive subjects, it was found that those studies that included normotensive subjects did not consistently demonstrate cardiovascular protection, whereas those which included only hypertensive subjects provided significant protection. The test for interaction based on the grouping variable of presence or absence of normotension was significant (p=0.037). The heterogeneity between studies that included normotensive subjects may be due to study designs: Cice et al study was conducted in hemodialysis patients with dilated cardiomyopathy whereas Zannad et al study was conducted in hemodialysis patients with left ventricular hypertrophy and excluded patients with symptomatic heart failure.