Table 4.

Details of cell-counting and synaptic morphology studies of the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia.

Study	Samplea	Regionb	Measures	Major findings
Benes et al104	9 SZ; 10 CON	ACC	2D neuron & glial density & size; neuron/glia ratio.	SZ<CON neuron density in L5; no changes in neuron size, glial density, or neuron/glia ratio.
Benes et al111	10 SZ; 10 CON	24	Inter-cellular & inter-aggregate distance of neurons & glia.	SZ>CON inter-neuronal & inter-neuronal aggregate distance; SZ<CON diameter of neuronal aggregates. No changes in glial arrangement.
Benes et al119	7 SZ; 7 CON	ACC	NFP-200-IR vertical & horizontal axon number.	SZ>CON number of vertical axons in L2 & 3; no changes in horizontal axonal number.
Benes et al105	18 SZ; 12 CON	24	2D PN & small neuron density.	SZ<CON small neuron density in L2-6; no changes in PN density.
Aganova et al115	5 SZ; 7 CON	24	EM of synaptic densityc.	SZ>CON axospinous & dendritic synapse density; SZ<CON axodendritic synapse density.
Benes et al120	17 SZ; 15 CON	24	IHC - Density of glutamate -IR axonal fibers	SZ>CON density of small & large caliber vertical fibers.
Benes et al121	10 SZ; 15 CON	BA 24	IHC - Density of TH-IR varicose fibers	SZ >CON density of TH-IR fibers in L5 & L6 of NPL; SZ<CON density of fibers in apposition with small neurons relative to those in apposition with large neurons in L2; no differences in density of fibers in apposition with small or large neurons.
Ongur et al99	11 SZ; 11 CONd	s-24	3D neuron & glial number, density & size.	SZ>CON number of large neurons & SZ<CON number of small neurons; no changes in overall neuronal or glial number or density.
Benes et al101	11 SZ; 12 CON	r-24	2D PN, NP, & glial density; NP & PN size.	SZ<CON PN density in L5; no changes in glial density or neuron size. (Abercrombie correction yielded generally similar findings.)
Bouras et al100	44 SZ; 55 CON	Left d-24a-b & s-24a	3D neuron density & size; axonal & dendritic morphology	SZ<CON reduced maximal neuron diameter in L5 of d24 & L6 of s24; SZ had less large & more small diameter neurons in both ROIs; no changes in neuron density; no differences in axonal/dendritic morphology in sub-group of 3 patients and 3 controls.
Cotter et al107	15 SZ; 15 CON	d-24b	3D neuron & glial density & size.	SZ<CON glial density in L6 (did not survive correction for multiple comparisons); no changes in neuron density or size.
Broadbelt et al20	11 SZ; 11 CON	r-32	Number of primary & secondary basilar dendrites	SZ<CON number of primary & secondary basilar dendrites in L3 & 5.
Jones et al108	7 SZ; 7 CON	r-32	PN density.	No differences in PN density in L3 or L5.
Chana et al106	15 SZ; 15 CON	d-24c	2D neuron & glial density, size & spatial clustering.	SZ>CON neuron density in L5 & 6; SZ>CON glial size in L1, 3, & 5; SZ<CON neuron size in L3 & 5; no changes in glial density, or neuronal or glial clustering.
Stark et al96	12 SZ; 14 CON	Bilateral 24/24’ & 32/32’,e	3D neuronal & glial number & density.	SZ<CON glial number in area 24; no changes in glial density or neuronal number or density; no changes in neuronal or glial number or density in area 32.
Steiner et al222	16 SZ; 16 CON	r-ACC	IHC & 2D counting of HLA-DR-IR microglial density.	No differences in HLA-DR-IR glial density.

Note: Studies were published before September 2007 and identified using the online PubMed database using the following search terms: schiz* (or psychosis) and cing*; schiz* (or psychosis) and paracing*; schizo* (or psychosis) and MRI. SZ = Schizophrenia patients; CON = control; ACC = anterior cingulate cortex; d-, r-, and s- refer to dorsal, rostral, and subcallosal subregions, respectively, of the ACC; 2D = 2-dimensional; 3D = 3-dimensional; L = cortical layer; PN = pyramidal neurons; NP = non-pyramidal neurons; NPL = neuropil; EM = electron micrograph; IHC = immunohistochemistry; IR = immunoreactive; NFP-200 = neurofilament protein 200-immunoreactive; TH = tyrosine hydroxylase; HLA = human leukocyte antigen.

^aThe number of males in each sample is not presented as few studies reported the gender composition of their samples.

^bWhere we were confident the regions-of-interest described by the authors were similar to the ACC subregions we illustrated in figure 1, we have used our terminology. In cases where we were uncertain, we retained the ROI nomenclature assigned by the authors.

^cThese authors also examined synaptic morphology, but reported no statistical results.

^dThe authors reported results from 2 separate samples. Only results from the larger sample are reported here (results were generally consistent across samples).

^eThese authors studied the entire regions, as defined using cytoarchitectonic criteria. Unless otherwise specified, all other studies restricted their analyses to specific sections.