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. 2009 Jul 22;170(5):650–656. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwp173

Figure 5.

Figure 5.

Observed and expected proportions of decedents with influenza vaccination and the corresponding bias in vaccine effectiveness (VE), Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, 1996–2005. Deaths occurring during the 9 influenza seasons were omitted, so “VE” reflects bias rather than effectiveness.