Table 2.

Protocol of each warming procedure

Protocol	Air at 23°C–25°C		Covered	Water		Warming ratea
‥	Time (sec.)	stirringb	⋯	Temp. (°C)	stirringb,c	± S.E. (°C/min)
1	60	-	none	N/A	N/A	139±7
2	10	-	strawd	25	+	476±18
3	10	-	mineral oile	25	+	1220±97
4	10	-	none	0	+	2170±114
5	10	-	none	25	+	2950±119

^aThe warming rates were calculated between −70°C and −35°C.

^b+ = yes and − = no.

^cNA, not applicable.

^dThe 0.25 ml sample straws were inserted into pre-cooled (< −110˚C) 0.5 ml straws before being plunged into water at 25°C.

^eThe sample straws (at < −110°C) were dipped for ∼1 sec. in mineral oil at 25°C before being plunged into water at 25°C.

(From Seki and Mazur [26]