Table 2.
CVD risk factors by fat intake, adjusted for age and sexual maturation, Project HeartBeat!, 1991–1995
| Variables | Boys (n=236)a Dietary total fat (%kcal/day) | Girls (n=253)a Dietary total fat (%kcal/day) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lowb (n=58) | Moderateb (n=137) | Highb (n=41) | Low (n=61) | Moderate (n=151) | High (n=41) | |||||||
| Mc | SEc | M | SE | M | SE | M | SE | M | SE | M | SE | |
| Energy (kcal/day) | 2229 | 100.6 | 2443 | 65.4 | 2557 | 119.6 | 2140 | 83.6 | 2080 | 53.1 | 2283 | 102.0 |
| Protein (g) | 77* | 4.2 | 89 | 2.7 | 92 | 5.0 | 67 | 3.4 | 73 | 2.1 | 84 | 4.1 |
| Protein (% kcal/day) | 14 | 0.3 | 15 | 0.2 | 14 | 0.3 | 13 | 0.3 | 14 | 0.2 | 15 | 0.3 |
| Carbohydrate (g/day) | 330 | 12.8 | 315 | 8.3 | 290 | 15.3 | 328 | 11.7 | 274 | 7.4 | 249 | 14.2 |
| Carbohydrate (% kcal/day) | 59 | 0.5 | 52 | 0.3 | 46 | 0.5 | 61 | 0.5 | 53 | 0.3 | 44 | 0.6 |
| Total fat (g/day) | 71 | 4.2 | 96 | 2.8 | 119 | 5.1 | 68 | 3.4 | 81 | 2.2 | 109 | 4.2 |
| Total Fat (% kcal/day) | 29 | 0.3 | 35 | 0.2 | 42 | 0.3 | 29 | 0.4 | 35 | 0.2 | 43 | 0.4 |
| Saturated fat (g/day) | 27 | 1.6 | 36 | 1.1 | 43 | 1.9 | 25 | 1.3 | 30 | 0.8 | 39 | 1.5 |
| Saturated fat (% kcal/day) | 11 | 0.2 | 13 | 0.1 | 15 | 0.2 | 10 | 0.2 | 13 | 0.1 | 15 | 0.2 |
| Cholesterol (mg/day) | 202 | 14.9 | 285 | 9.7 | 316 | 17.8 | 196 | 13.2 | 230 | 8.4 | 288 | 16.2 |
| Fiber (g/day) | 15 | 0.8 | 15 | 0.5 | 16 | 1.0 | 15 | 0.7 | 13 | 0.4 | 14 | 0.8 |
| Calcium (mg/day) | 1341 | 75.2 | 1230 | 48.9 | 1008 | 89.5 | 1042 | 69.4 | 1084 | 44.1 | 1006 | 84.7 |
| TV viewing (min/day) | 97 | 12.0 | 91 | 7.8 | 129 | 14.3 | 79 | 13.8 | 98 | 8.8 | 100 | 16.8 |
| MPA (min/day) | 25 | 6.1 | 24 | 3.9 | 33 | 7.2 | 14 | 2.7 | 11 | 1.7 | 10 | 3.3 |
| VPA (min/day) | 66 | 10.1 | 73 | 6.6 | 62 | 12.0 | 67 | 7.3 | 43 | 4.6 | 53 | 8.9 |
| MVPA (min/day) | 90 | 11.1 | 96 | 7.2 | 95 | 13.2 | 81 | 7.9 | 54 | 5.0 | 63 | 9.6 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 102 | 0.9 | 102 | 0.6 | 101 | 1.1 | 102 | 1.0 | 99 | 0.6 | 101 | 1.2 |
| DBP4 (mmHg) | 66 | 0.8 | 65 | 0.5 | 66 | 1.0 | 65 | 0.8 | 64 | 0.5 | 64 | 0.9 |
| DBP5 (mmHg) | 54 | 1.0 | 56 | 0.7 | 57 | 1.2 | 57 | 0.9 | 55 | 0.6 | 55 | 1.1 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 19 | 0.4 | 19 | 0.3 | 19 | 0.5 | 19 | 0.5 | 19 | 0.3 | 20 | 0.6 |
| PBF (%) | 21 | 1.0 | 22 | 0.7 | 22 | 1.2 | 27 | 0.9 | 26 | 0.6 | 26 | 1.2 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 65 | 1.0 | 65 | 0.7 | 64 | 1.2 | 63 | 0.9 | 61 | 0.6 | 64 | 1.1 |
| Plasma cholesterol (mg/dL) | 159 | 3.4 | 160 | 2.2 | 161 | 4.0 | 162 | 3.6 | 160 | 2.3 | 165 | 4.4 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 51 | 1.5 | 52 | 1.0 | 54 | 1.8 | 50 | 1.4 | 50 | 0.9 | 51 | 1.7 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 92 | 3.0 | 93 | 2.0 | 91 | 3.6 | 94 | 3.4 | 95 | 2.2 | 100 | 4.2 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 77 | 5.6 | 80 | 3.6 | 78 | 6.6 | 86 | 5.2 | 81 | 3.3 | 78 | 6.3 |
*
Bold indicates significant differences (p<0.05) between total fat intake categories, within gender.
a
N=489 (236 boys and 253 girls) because of missing serum values
b
Low= ≤30% kcal; moderate=31%–38% kcal; high=≥39% kcal
c
From ANCOVA, adjusted for pubertal stage with age as covariate
DBP4, fourth-phase diastolic blood pressure; DBP5, fifth-phase diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MPA, moderate physical activity; MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; PBF, percent body fat; SBP, systolic blood pressure; VPA, vigorous physical activity