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. 2008 Dec;5(12):20–27.

TABLE 2.

The “4 Cs” for recognizing addiction

Adapted from: Compton P. Should opioid abusers be discharged from opioid-analgesic therapy? Pain Medicine. 2008; 9(4):383–390; Savage SR. Assessment for addiction in pain-treatment settings. Clin J Pain. 2002;18:S28–S38.
  • 1

    Negative consequences of medication use

  • 2

    Loss of control over use

  • 3

    Compulsive use

  • 4

    Craving or preoccupation related to medication use