APPENDIX.
Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) estimated for each model.
| Variable | Model 1§ | Model 2§ | Model 3§ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Incident hip fracture¥ | 12 (8.9, 15) | 6.3 (4.8, 8.2) | 6.3 (4.8, 8.2) |
| Six or more months from hip fracture¥ | 0.1 (0.1, 0.2) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.2) |
| Age 65–69 female | - | - | - |
| Age 65–69 Male | 2.2 (1.7, 2.8) | 2.1 (1.6, 2.8) | 2.2 (1.7, 2.9) |
| Age 70–74 male | 2.4 (1.9, 3.2) | 2.2 (1.7, 2.8) | 2.2 (1.7, 2.8) |
| Age 70–74 female | 1.6 (1.3, 2.1) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.8) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.8) |
| Age 75–79 male | 3.8 (3.0, 4.8) | 2.9 (2.3, 3.7) | 2.9 (2.3, 3.7) |
| Age 75–79 female | 2.2 (1.8, 2.9) | 1.7 (1.3, 2.2) | 1.6 (1.3, 2.1) |
| Age 80–84 male | 6.3 (4.9, 7.9) | 3.8 (3.0, 4.9) | 3.7 (3.0, 4.9) |
| Age 80–84 female | 4.2 (3.3, 5.3) | 2.5 (2.0, 3.2) | 2.3 (1.8, 2.9) |
| Age 85+ male | 12.0 (9.2, 15.0) | 5.3 (4.1, 6.7) | 5.3 (4.1, 6.7) |
| Age 85+ female | 9.0 (7.2, 11.3) | 3.5 (2.8, 4.5) | 3.5 (2.9, 4.7) |
| Black race | 1.3 (1.1, 1.4) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.1) |
| No HMO | - | ||
| Private HMO | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | ||
| Medicare HMO | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | ||
| Self-purchased Medigap insurance coverage | - | ||
| Employee sponsored insurance | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | ||
| No supplemental coverage | 1.4 (1.3, 1.6) | ||
| Medicare entitled due to disability | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | ||
| Medicaid | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) | ||
| Previous hip fracture | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.2) | |
| Never smoked | - | ||
| Ever smoked | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) | ||
| Smoke now | 1.6 (1.4, 1.8) | ||
| Excellent health | - | - | |
| Good health | 1.3 (1.1, 1.6) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.6) | |
| Fair/poor/missing health | 1.9 (1.6, 2.9) | 2.0 (1.7, 2.4) | |
| No IADL limitations | - | - | |
| Low IADL | 1.3 (1.2, 1.5) | 1.3 (1.2, 1.5) | |
| Medium IADL | 1.5 (1.3, 1.7) | 1.5 (1.3, 1.8) | |
| High IADL | 1.6 (1.4, 1.9) | 1.7 (1.4, 2.0) | |
| Very high IADL | 2.0 (1.8, 2.4) | 2.2 (1.9, 2.5) | |
| No ADL limitations | - | - | |
| Low ADL | 1.5 (1.3, 1.7) | 1.5 (1.3, 1.7) | |
| Medium ADL | 1.5 (1.3, 1.8) | 1.5 (1.3, 1.8) | |
| High ADL | 1.5 (1.3, 1.8) | 1.5 (1.3, 1.8) | |
| Very high ADL | 2.0 (1.8, 2.4) | 2.1 (1.8, 2.4) | |
| Low BMI | 1.6 (1.4, 1.8) | 1.6 (1.4, 1.8) | |
| Normal BMI | - | - | |
| High BMI | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) | 0.7 (0.7, 0.8) | |
| Married | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) | ||
| Income<$15,000/yr | - | ||
| Income $15–30,000/yr | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | ||
| Income $30–45,000/yr | 1.0 (0.8, 1.1) | ||
| Income >$45,000/yr | 0.9 (0.7, 1.0) | ||
| Income missing | 0.5 (0.3, 1.0) | ||
| < HS education | - | ||
| HS education | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | ||
| Some college | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | ||
| College | 1.1 (1.0, 1.3) | ||
| Missing education | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) | ||
| Lives alone | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) | ||
| Lives in facility | 1.3 (1.2, 1.5) | 1.7 (1.5, 1.9) | |
| Parkinson’s disease | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | |
| History* of stroke | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) | |
| History of arthritis | 1.0 (0.8, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.1) | |
| History of osteoporosis | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.0) | |
| Vision limitations | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | |
| History of diabetes** | 1.3 (1.2, 1.4) | 1.3 (1.2, 1.4) | |
| History of dementia | 1.2 (1.1, 1.4) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.4) | |
| Solid tumors | 2.1 (1.9, 2.4) | 2.0 (1.8, 2.3) | |
| Lymphomas | 3.2 (2.4, 4.4) | 3.3 (2.4, 4.4) | |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 1.3 (1.2, 1.5) | 1.3 (1.2, 1.5) | |
| Coronary artery disease | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) | |
| Congestive heart failure | 2.0 (1.7, 2.2) | 1.9 (1.7, 2.1) | |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) | |
| Severe chronic liver disease | 2.2 (1.3, 3.6) | 2.1(1.3, 3.5) | |
| Chronic renal failure | 1.9 (1.6, 2.4) | 1.9 (1.5, 2.3) | |
| Nutritional deficiency | 2.1 (1.7, 2.5) | 2.1 (1.7, 2.5) | |
| Functional impairment | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | |
| Schizophrenia | 1.4 (0.9, 2.3) | 1.4 (0.9, 2.3) |
§
Models include all variables for which a hazard ratio is shown.
¥
Early mortality hazard ratio is that associated with incident hip fracture; the late mortality hazard ratio reported in the text combines the hazard for incident hip fracture with that for those who are six or more months from hip fracture.
*
“History of” in a comorbidity variable indicates that information came from self-reported MCBS data.
**
Diabetes is indicated as present if either identified using Iezzoni codes or in the MCBS based on participant self-report of “history of diabetes.”