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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Aug 20.
Published in final edited form as: Chem Rev. 2006 Aug;106(8):3443–3467. doi: 10.1021/cr050317n

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Examples of indirect and direct catalytic interactions of an enzyme with phosphate ester groups. The direct interaction (right) involves a phosphate group that undergoes nucleophilic substitution during the course of the enzymatic reaction. Hydrogen bonding groups (H-X) are used to stabilize the charge development in a pentacoordinate transition state. Indirect noncovalent interactions with a phosphate ester (left) can be used to position a substrate, electrostatically destabilize a ground state, or to a stabilize a transition state. Many examples of catalytically important indirect interactions are found in Sections 6 and 7.