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Free energy changes associated with binding (−RT ln KD) and catalytic turnover (−RT ln kcat/ν) for a wild-type enzyme (wt) and a mutant form (mut). The difference free energy for binding of the mutant relative to the wild-type in the ground state (ΔΔGmut) and the transition state are shown (ΔΔG‡). An identical diagram can be drawn for chemical substitution of an oxygen for sulfur or a methyl group. See text.
