Table 1.

Clinical characteristics of participants

	Control (C)	Type 1 diabetes (T1 DM)	Type 2 diabetes (T2 DM)
n	52	37	213
Age (years)a	50 ± 11	54 ± 9	56 ± 10
Male	24 (46%)	27 (73%)	129 (61%)
Diabetes duration (years)b	N/A	30 ± 13	8 ± 8
BMI (kg/m2)c	29.6 ± 6.6	30.1 ± 6.2	33.0 ± 8.1
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)d	126 ± 20	144 ± 22	136 ± 19
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	76 ± 10	76 ± 9	79 ± 10
HbA1c (%)d	5.4 ± 0.4	8.5 ± 1.9	7.6 ± 1.5
Fasting glucosed	81 ± 11	179 ± 120	151 ± 57
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)	201 ± 41	181 ± 41	193 ± 41
LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)e	119 ± 34	100 ± 33	111 ± 36
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)f	57 ± 20	57 ± 17	49 ± 12
Triglycerides (mg/dl)f	127 ± 65	124 ± 86	181 ± 109
Total bilirubinf	0.56 ± 0.26	0.46 ± 0.16	0.71 ± 0.34
Alk phos (IU/l)g	75 ± 20	87 ± 23	75 ± 26
ALT (IU/l)	22 ± 10	27 ± 16	25 ± 10
AST (IU/l)	23 ± 6	25 ± 11	24 ± 7
HCT (%)f	38.6 ± 6.0	37.6 ± 5.0	40.9 ± 5.2
Hb (g/dl)	13.5 ± 1.3	12.9 ± 1.9	14.2 ± 6.1
RBC (m/μl)h	4.6 ± 0.5	4.3 ± 0.6	4.7 ± 0.6
MCH (pg)	29.5 ± 2.8	29.7 ± 1.7	29.4 ± 2.2
MCV (fl)	86 ± 8	87 ± 5	87 ± 7
Platelet count (K/μl)i	288 ± 73	269 ± 67	249 ± 73
Creatinine (mg/dl)j	0.9 ± 0.2	1.3 ± 0.7	0.9 ± 0.3

Data are means ± standard deviation.

BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; LDL, low-denisty lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; Alk phos, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; HCT, hematocrit; Hb, hemoglobin; RBC, red blood cell; MCH, mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCV, mean corpuscular volume.

^aC versus T2 DM, p = 0.002

^bT1 DM versus T2 DM, p < 0.0001

^cC and T1 DM versus T2 DM, p = 0.004

^dC versus T1 DM and T2 DM, T1 DM versus T2 DM, p < 0.0001

^eC versus T1 DM, p = 0.04

^fC and T1 DM versus T2 DM, p < 0.0001

^gC and T2 DM versus T1 DM, p = 0.03

^hC and T2 DM versus T1 DM, p = 0.001

ⁱC versus T2 DM, p = 0.001

^jC and T2 DM versus T1 DM.