Diagrammatic representation of stoma components of rhabditids and cephalobids, with hypotheses of homologies extended to tylenchids. Generalized rhabditid is redrawn from De Ley et al. (1995); cephalobid and tylenchid are redrawn from Baldwin et al. (2004a). a, arcade syncytia; cf, cephalic framework; e1 and e3, stomatal epithelia; h, epidermal syncytia; m1, m2, ma, and mb, stomatal muscle cells; v, vestibule; ve, vestibule extension.