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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Aug 21.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2009;49:97–121. doi: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-061008-103222

Table 1.

Statistically significant QTLs of relevance to pain and analgesia in laboratory rodents

Phenotype Chromosome LODa Locationb Candidate gene(s) Evidencec Reference
Acute/tonic pain
Capsaicin 2 5.9 30 (185)
7 4.8 10 (185)
7 5.8 50 (185)
8 4.4 30 (185)
Formalin 10 4.3 70 (186)
Hargreaves 7 6.3 50 Calca (54 cM) Pharm., siRNA, gene expr. (113)
Hot-plate 4 3.8 (♂ only) 71 Oprd1 (65 cM) Pharm. (187)
Tail withdrawal 4 3.6 (♂ only) 56 Oprd1 (65 cM) Position (123)
7 12.6 33 Trpv1 (44 cM) Position (123)
11 7.8 46 (123)
Chronic pain
Autotomy 15 3.9 44 (188)
15 3.0 44 (189)
15 3.3 (♀ only) 32 (190)
2 (rat) 3.6 20 (191)
Analgesia
Clonidine 1 4.7 100 Kcnj9 (94 cM) Mutant, gene expr. (123)
Morphine 1 4.7 (♀ only) 10 Oprk1 (6 cM) Position (122)
1 3.2 91 (123)
9 5.2 (♀ only) 20 (122)
9 4.5 42 Htr1b (46 cM) Pharm. (192)
10 7.5 9 Oprm1 (8 cM) Receptor binding (121)
Stress-induced 8 6.1 (♀ only) 56 Mc1r (68 cm) Position (193)
U50,488 8 2.7 (♀ only) 67 Mc1r (68 cM) Pharm., mutant (129)
WIN55,212–2 1 4.4 100 Kcnj9 (94 cM) Mutant, gene expr. (123)
7 4.8 40 Trpv1 (44 cM) Position (123)
Opioid hyperalgesia
Chronic morphine 5 p = 0.000083* 1 Abcb1b (1 cM) Pharm., mutant (119)
18 p = 0.00037* 34 Adrb2 (34 cM) Pharm., mutant (194)
a

LOD: logarithm of the odds.

b

Location of peak LOD score in centiMorgans (cM), a unit of genetic distance. Note that confidence intervals in QTL mapping projects are generally very large.

c

Gene expr.: strain-dependent expression of the candidate gene; Mutant: null mutation of the candidate gene shown to affect phenotype; Pharm.: strain-dependent effects of pharmacological manipulation of the candidate gene product; Position: inference based on genomic position of candidate gene; Receptor binding: demonstrated correlation of phenotype to strain-dependent density of candidate gene product; siRNA: rescue of strain difference using siRNA knockdown of candidate gene mRNA.

*

Study used haplotype mapping; p-values represent uncorrected correlation between phenotypic and haplotype block distributions of a set of inbred mouse strains.