Table 3.
Genes (excluding HLA) associated with clinical and experimental pain statesa and analgesia in humans. Only positive findings are referenced.
| Phenotype | Gene | Protein | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Angina | |||
| ADRA2C | Adrenergic receptor, α2C | (207) | |
| ADRB2 | Adrenergic receptor, β2 | (207) | |
| NOS3 | Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial | (208) | |
| Arthritis pain | |||
| ESR1 | Estrogen receptor, alpha | (209) | |
| IL6 | Interleukin-6 | (210) | |
| Back pain | |||
| GCH1 | GTP cyclohydrolase 1 | (93) | |
| IL1A/B | Interleukin-1 (α and β) | (211) | |
| IL1RN | Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist | (211) | |
| IL6 | Interleukin-6 | (212) | |
| Burning mouth syndrome | |||
| IL1B | Interleukin-1β | (213) | |
| Experimental pain | |||
| COMT | Catechol-O-methyltransferase | (115, 162–163) | |
| FAAH | Fatty acid amide hydrolase | (214) | |
| GCH1 | GTP cyclohydrolase 1 | (93, 170) | |
| MC1R | Melanocortin-1 receptor | (63) | |
| OPRD1 | Opioid receptor, delta 1 | (105, 214) | |
| OPRM1 | Opioid receptor, mu 1 | (215, 216) | |
| TRPA1 | Transient receptor potential, A1 | (214) | |
| TRPV1 | Transient receptor potential, V1 | (10, 214) | |
| Fibromyalgia | |||
| COMT | Catechol-O-methyltransferase | (167) | |
| HTR2A | Serotonin receptor, 2A | (217) | |
| SLC6A4 | Serotonin transporter | (155) | |
| Headache/migraine | |||
| Many (see references | (140, 218) | ||
| for reviews) | |||
| Irritable bowel syndrome | |||
| IL10 | Interleukin-10 | (219) | |
| HTR2A | Serotonin receptor, 2A | (220) | |
| SLC6A4 | Serotonin transporter | (221) | |
| TNFA | Tumor necrosis factor, α | (222) | |
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug analgesia | |||
| PTGS2 | Cyclooxygenase-2 | (145) | |
| Opioid analgesia | |||
| COMT | Catechol-O-methyltransferase | (144, 169) | |
| CYP2D6 | Cytochrome P450 2D6 | (223, 224, 225) | |
| MC1R | Melanocortin-1 receptor | (63, 129) | |
| OPRM1 | Opioid receptor, mu 1 | (143, 169, 226–230) | |
| Pelvic pain | |||
| IL10 | Interleukin-10 | (231) | |
| Postoperative pain | |||
| MAOB | Monoamine oxidase B | (232) | |
| Temporomandibular disorder | |||
| ADRB2 | β2-adrenergic receptor | (233) | |
| COMT | Catechol-O-methyltransferase | (115) | |
| SLC6A4 | Serotonin transporter | (156, 234) | |
| Vulvar vestibulitis | |||
| IL1B | Interleukin-1β | (235) | |
| IL1RN | Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist | (159) | |
| MC1R | Melanocortin-1 receptor | (159) |
a
Some disorders on this list are painful by definition. In other cases (e.g., arthritis), studies are included only when pain within the specific dependent measure.