Table 2.
Characteristics of the study population, overall and by site (N = 1317 mother-infant pairs)
| Characteristic | Blantyre N = 281 |
Lilongwe N = 450 |
Lusaka N = 371 |
Dar es Salaam N = 215 |
Overall N = 1317 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Maternal | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| At Enrollment | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Age (years) | ≤ 20 | 59 (21.0) | 55 (12.2) | 75 (20.2) | 32 (14.9) | 221 (16.8) |
| 21–29 | 170 (60.5) | 306 (68.0) | 230 (62.0) | 134 (62.3) | 840 (63.8) | |
| ≥ 30 | 52 (18.5) | 89 (19.8) | 66 (17.8) | 49 (22.8) | 256 (19.4) | |
| Education (years) | ≤ 3 | 59 (21.0) | 126 (28.0) | 48 (12.9) | 26 (12.1) | 259 (19.7) |
| 4–9 | 139 (49.5) | 241 (53.6) | 266 (71.7) | 172 (80.0) | 818 (62.1) | |
| ≥ 10 | 83 (29.5) | 83 (18.4) | 56 (15.1) | 17 (7.9) | 239 (18.1) | |
| Missing | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | |
| Marital Status | Married/Living with Partner | 262 (93.2) | 434 (96.4) | 329 (88.7) | 178 (82.8) | 1203 (91.3) |
| Other | 19 (6.8) | 16 (3.6) | 42 (11.3) | 37 (17.2) | 114 (8.7) | |
| Electricity in the home | Yes | 114 (40.6) | 67 (14.9) | 169 (45.6) | 159 (74.0) | 509 (38.6) |
| No | 167 (59.4) | 383 (85.1) | 202 (54.4) | 56 (26.0) | 808 (61.4) | |
| Running water in the home | Yes | 115 (40.9) | 132 (29.3) | 150 (40.4) | 144 (67.0) | 541 (41.1) |
| No | 166 (59.1) | 318 (70.7) | 221 (59.6) | 71 (33.0) | 776 (58.9) | |
| CD4+ count (cells/mm3) | < 200 | 47 (16.7) | 72 (16.0) | 54 (14.6) | 34 (15.8) | 207 (15.7) |
| 200–499 | 85 (30.2) | 226 (50.2) | 218 (58.8) | 119 (55.3) | 648 (49.2) | |
| ≥ 500 | 37 (13.2) | 141 (31.3) | 99 (26.7) | 50 (23.3) | 327 (24.8) | |
| Missing | 112 (39.9) | 11 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (5.6) | 135 (10.3) | |
| Plasma viral load (copies/mL) | < 1,000 | 18 (6.4) | 33 (7.3) | 32 (8.6) | 29 (13.5) | 112 (8.5) |
| ≥ 1000, < 10,000 | 54 (19.2) | 107 (23.8) | 88 (23.7) | 83 (38.6) | 332 (25.2) | |
| ≥ 10,000, < 50,000 | 105 (37.4) | 148 (32.9) | 145 (39.1) | 78 (36.3) | 476 (36.1) | |
| ≥ 50,000 | 81 (28.8) | 153 (34.0) | 73 (19.7) | 25 (11.6) | 332 (25.2) | |
| Missing | 23 (8.2) | 9 (2.0) | 33 (8.9) | 0 (0.0) | 65 (4.9) | |
| Cervicovaginal fluid viral load(copies/mL) | < 1,000 | 42 (14.9) | 176 (39.1) | 88 (23.7) | 98 (45.6) | 404 (30.7) |
| ≥ 1000, < 10,000 | 64 (22.8) | 169 (37.6) | 109 (29.4) | 54 (25.1) | 396 (30.1) | |
| ≥ 10,000, < 50,000 | 44 (15.7) | 64 (14.2) | 81 (21.8) | 39 (18.1) | 228 (17.3) | |
| ≥ 50,000 | 19 (6.8) | 17 (3.8) | 28 (7.5) | 12 (5.6) | 76 (5.8) | |
| Missing | 112 (39.9) | 24 (5.3) | 65 (17.5) | 12 (5.6) | 213 (16.2) | |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
|
| ||||||
| During Follow-up | ||||||
| CD4+ count at 36 weeks (cells/mm3) | < 200 | 33 (11.7) | 67 (14.9) | 38 (10.2) | 18 (8.4) | 156 (11.8) |
| 200–499 | 84 (29.9) | 188 (41.8) | 151 (40.7) | 88 (40.9) | 511 (38.8) | |
| ≥ 500 | 26 (9.3) | 118 (26.2) | 93 (25.1) | 61 (28.4) | 298 (22.6) | |
| Missing | 138 (49.1) | 77 (17.1) | 89 (24.0) | 48 (22.3) | 352 (26.7) | |
| Receipt of NVP prophylaxis | Yes | 273 (97.2) | 439 (97.6) | 361 (97.3) | 211 (98.1) | 1284 (97.5) |
| No | 8 (2.8) | 11 (2.4) | 10 (2.7) | 4 (1.9) | 33 (2.5) | |
| Mastitis at 4–6 weeks postpartum | Yes | 8 (2.8) | 7 (1.6) | 9 (2.4) | 2 (0.9) | 26 (2.0) |
| No | 273 (97.2) | 443 (98.4) | 362 (97.6) | 213 (99.1) | 1291 (98.0) | |
| Cracked nipples at 4–6 weeks postpartum | Yes | 3 (1.1) | 5 (1.1) | 7 (1.9) | 2 (0.9) | 17 (1.3) |
| No | 278 (98.9) | 445 (98.9) | 364 (98.1) | 213 (99.1) | 1300 (98.7) | |
| Infant | ||||||
| At Birth | ||||||
| Gestational age < 37 weeks (by fundal height) | Yes | 76 (27.0) | 67 (14.9) | 96 (25.9) | 29 (13.5) | 268 (20.3) |
| No | 205 (73.0) | 383 (85.1) | 275 (74.1) | 186 (86.5) | 1049 (79.7) | |
| Birth weight < 2500 grams | Yes | 24 (8.5) | 36 (8.0) | 40 (10.8) | 17 (7.9) | 117 (8.9) |
| No | 247 (87.9) | 391 (86.9) | 319 (86.0) | 197 (91.6) | 1154 (87.6) | |
| Missing | 10 (3.6) | 23 (5.1) | 12 (3.2) | 1 (0.5) | 46 (3.5) | |
| Gender | Male | 146 (52.0) | 241 (53.6) | 196 (52.8) | 98 (45.6) | 681 (51.7) |
| Female | 135 (48.0) | 209 (46.4) | 175 (47.2) | 117 (54.4) | 636 (48.3) | |
| Receipt of NVP prophylaxis | Yes | 266 (94.7) | 428 (95.1) | 348 (93.8) | 212 (98.6) | 1254 (95.2) |
| No | 15 (5.3) | 22 (4.9) | 22 (5.9) | 3 (1.4) | 62 (4.7) | |
| Missing | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | |
| During Follow-up | ||||||
| Oral candidiasis at 4–6 weeks of age | Yes | 2 (0.7) | 6 (1.3) | 9 (2.4) | 12 (5.6) | 29 (2.2) |
| No | 279 (99.3) | 444 (98.7) | 362 (97.6) | 203 (94.4) | 1288 (97.8) | |
| Stomatitis at 4–6 weeks of age | Yes | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| No | 281 (100.0) | 450 (100.0) | 371 (100.0) | 215 (100.0) | 1317 (100.0) | |
| Diarrhea at 4–6 weeks of age | Yes | 4 (1.4) | 2 (0.4) | 4 (1.1) | 3 (1.4) | 13 (1.0) |
| No | 277 (98.6) | 448 (99.6) | 367 (98.9) | 212 (98.6) | 1304 (99.0) | |