Table 3.
Factors associated with late postnatal transmission of HIV-1 (N = 1317 infants) – univariate analyses
| Infant HIV-1 infection status | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Infected (N = 84) |
Uninfected (N = 1233) |
Unadjusted * HR | 95% CI | P value | |
| n (%) | n (%) | |||||
| Maternal | ||||||
| At Enrollment | ||||||
| Age (years) | ≤20 | 15 (6.8) | 206 (93.2) | 1.05 | (0.59, 1.87) | 0.87 |
| 21–29 | 53 (6.3) | 787 (93.7) | 1.00 | ---------------- | ||
| ≥ 30 | 16 (6.3) | 240 (93.8) | 0.99 | (0.57, 1.73) | 0.98 | |
| Education (years) | ≤ 3 | 13 (5.0) | 246 (95.0) | 0.75 | (0.41, 1.40) | 0.37 |
| 4–9 | 56 (6.8) | 762 (93.2) | 1.00 | ---------------- | ||
| ≥ 10 | 15 (6.3) | 224 (93.7) | 0.94 | (0.52, 1.69) | 0.84 | |
| Missing | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | ||||
| Marital Status | Married/Living with Partner | 74 (6.2) | 1129 (93.8) | 0.71 | (0.36, 1.39) | 0.32 |
| Other | 10 (8.8) | 104 (91.2) | 1.00 | ---------------- | ||
| Electricity in the home | Yes | 33 (6.5) | 476 (93.5) | 0.95 | (0.60, 1.52) | 0.84 |
| No | 51 (6.3) | 757 (93.7) | 1.00 | ---------------- | ||
| Running water in the home | Yes | 37 (6.8) | 504 (93.2) | 1.13 | (0.73, 1.76) | 0.58 |
| No | 47 (6.1) | 729 (93.9) | 1.00 | ---------------- | ||
| CD4+ count (cells/mm3) | < 200 | 29 (14.0) | 178 (86.0) | 8.92 | (3.69, 21.58) | <.0001 |
| 200–499 | 43 (6.6) | 605 (93.4) | 3.58 | (1.52, 8.43) | 0.0034 | |
| ≥ 500 | 6 (1.8) | 321 (98.2) | 1.00 | ---------------- | ||
| Missing | 6 (4.4) | 129 (95.6) | ||||
| Plasma viral load (copies/mL) | < 10,000 | 6 (1.4) | 438 (98.6) | 1.00 | ---------------- | |
| ≥ 10,000, < 50,000 | 31 (6.5) | 445 (93.5) | 5.04 | (2.09, 12.11) | 0.0003 | |
| ≥ 50,000 | 42 (12.7) | 290 (87.3) | 10.37 | (4.35, 24.68) | <.0001 | |
| Missing | 5 (7.7) | 60 (92.3) | ||||
| Cervicovaginal fluid viral load(copies/mL) | < 1000 | 7 (1.7) | 397 (98.3) | 1.00 | ---------------- | |
| ≥ 1000, < 10,000 | 26 (6.6) | 370 (93.4) | 3.97 | (1.71, 9.21) | 0.0013 | |
| ≥ 10,000, < 50,000 | 24 (10.5) | 204 (89.5) | 5.72 | (2.43, 13.46) | <.0001 | |
| ≥ 50,000 | 7 (9.2) | 69 (90.8) | 5.64 | (1.90, 16.79) | 0.0019 | |
| Missing | 20 (9.4) | 193 (90.6) | ||||
| During Follow-up | ||||||
| CD4+ count at 36 weeks (cells/mm3) | < 200 | 19 (12.2) | 137 (87.8) | 10.20 | (3.43, 30.36) | <.0001 |
| 200–499 | 35 (6.8) | 476 (93.2) | 5.30 | (1.88, 14.94) | 0.0016 | |
| ≥ 500 | 4 (1.3) | 294 (98.7) | 1.00 | ---------------- | ||
| Missing | 26 (7.4) | 326 (92.6) | ||||
| Receipt of NVP prophylaxis | Yes | 84 (6.5) | 1200 (93.5) | |||
| No | 0 (0.0) | 33 (100.0) | ||||
| Mastitis at 4–6 weeks postpartum | Yes | 1 (3.8) | 25 (96.2) | 0.52 | (0.07, 3.74) | 0.52 |
| No | 83 (6.4) | 1208 (93.6) | 1.00 | ---------------- | ||
| Cracked nipples at 4–6 weeks postpartum | Yes | 1 (5.9) | 16 (94.1) | 0.95 | (0.13, 6.80) | 0.96 |
| No | 83 (6.4) | 1217 (93.6) | 1.00 | ---------------- | ||
| Infant | ||||||
| At Birth | ||||||
| Gestational age < 37 weeks (by fundal height) | Yes | 24 (9.0) | 244 (91.0) | 0.68 | (0.42, 1.10) | 0.12 |
| No | 60 (5.7) | 989 (94.3) | 1.00 | ---------------- | ||
| Birth weight < 2500 grams | Yes | 8 (6.8) | 109 (93.2) | 0.96 | (0.46, 1.98) | 0.90 |
| No | 74 (6.4) | 1080 (93.6) | 1.00 | ---------------- | ||
| Missing | 2 (4.3) | 44 (95.7) | ||||
| Gender | Male | 47 (6.9) | 634 (93.1) | 1.18 | (0.76, 1.81) | 0.46 |
| Female | 37 (5.8) | 599 (94.2) | 1.00 | ---------------- | ||
| Receipt of NVP prophylaxis | Yes | 80 (6.4) | 1174 (93.6) | 0.99 | (0.36, 2.71) | 0.99 |
| No | 4 (6.5) | 58 (93.5) | ||||
| Missing | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | ||||
| During Follow-up | ||||||
| Oral candidiasis at 4–6 weeks of age | Yes | 2 (6.9) | 27 (93.1) | 1.16 | (0.28, 4.76) | 0.83 |
| No | 82 (6.4) | 1206 (93.6) | ---------------- | |||
| Diarrhea at 4–6 weeks of age | Yes | 0 (0.0) | 13 (100.0) | |||
| No | 84 (6.4) | 1220 (93.6) | ||||
*
All univariate models were stratified by site.