Table 2.

Sources, Receptors, Cell Targets and Function of Interleukins.

Cytokine	Producing Cell / Serum Level	Receptor	Target Cells	Function
IL-1α̣ 30.6 kDạ IL-1β 30̃.7 kDạ IL-1δ IL-1ε	Monocytes Macrophages T Cells B cells DC ECs, VSMCs <8 pg/mL	IL-1R type1 IL-1R type2	Th cells	Co-stimulation Proinflammatory
			B cells	Maturation, proliferation
			NK cells	Activation
			Various	Inflammation, acute phase response, fever,
			ECs, VSMCs	EC and SMC activation Migration, proliferation Pro-atherogenic
IL-2 (17.6 kDa)	Activated T cells Th1 cells <50 pg/mL	IL-2Rβ IL-2Rγ	Macrophages, T, B, NK cells	Growth, proliferation, activation, Pro-atherogenic
IL-3 (17 kDa)	T cells NK cells Monocytes B cells Mast cells	IL-3Rα IL-3Rβ	Stem cells hematopoietic progenitor cells	Growth, proliferation, differentiation
			Mast cells	Growth, histamine release Pro-atherogenic
IL-4 (17.4 kDa)	Th2 cells, mast cells <15 pg/mL	IL-4Rα IL-4Rγ	Activated B cells	Proliferation, differentiation IgG1 and IgE synthesis. Pro-atherogenic
			Macrophages	MHC II expression
			T cells T & B cells, mast cells, macrophages, hematopoietic progenitor cells	Proliferation Proliferation and differentiation of B cells (Ig switching to IgG1 and IgE) and Th2 cells (anti-inflammatory by inhibiting Th1 immune responses); stimulates VCAM-1
IL-5	Th2 cells T cells, mast cells, ECs	IL-5Rα IL-5Rβ IL-3Rβ	B cells	Growth, proliferation and differentiation IgA switching
IL-6 (23.7 kDa)	Monocytes Macrophages Th2 cells ECs, VSMCs Fibroblasts Stromal cells 0.16 –7.25 pg/mL	IL-6Rα IL-6Rβ	Activated B cells	Proliferation, Differentiation into plasma cells, pro-atherogenic
			Plasma cells	Antibody secretion
			Stem cells	Differentiation
			Various	Acute phase response
			VSMCs, EC T cells	Proliferation Pro-atherogenic
IL-7	Marrow stroma Thymus stroma Platelets	IL-7Rα IL-7Rγ	Stem cells Monocytes T & B cells	Differentiation into progenitor B and T cells Proinflammatory
IL-8	Macrophages ECs Monocytes, T cells <15 pg/mL	IL-8R	Neutrophils T cells, monocytes	Chemotaxis, Proinflammatory, promotes leukocyte arrest Pro-atherogenic
IL-9 (15.9 kDa)	Th2 cells	IL-9Rα	T cells, B cells mast cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, and epithelial cells	Anti-atherogenic Promotes proliferation and differentiation of mast cells, stimulates IgE production, inhibits monocyte activation, stimulates TGF-β in monocytes
IL-10 (20.5 kDa)	Macrophages Th2 cells Treg and B cells, monocytes mast cells <8 pg/mL	IL-10R-1 IL-10R-2	\Macrophages, T & B cells	Inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production Anti-atherogenic Anti-inflammatory, inhibits Th1 responses, promotes proliferation and differentiation of regulatory T cells
			B cells	Activation
IL-11 (21.4 kDa)	ECs Macrophages	IL-11Rα	Hematopoietic progenitor cells	Hematopoiesis Anti-atherogenic
IL-12α (24.8 kDa) IL-12β (37kDa)	Macrophages B cells Th1 cells	IL-12Rβ2	Activated Tc cells T cells, macrophages	Differentiation into cytolytic T cell (CTL) Proinflammatory, promotes NK and cytotoxic lymphocyte activity; induces IFN- Pro-atherogenic
			NK cells	Activation
IL-13	Th2 cells	IL-4Rα	B cells	Activation of Ig transcription
IL-14	EC, lymphocytes		B cells	B cell growth factor
IL-15 (18 kDa)	EC, macrophages monocytes	IL-2Rβ	T & B cells NK cells, monocytes	Enhances neutrophil chemokine production, cytoskeletal rearrangements, phagocytosis; delays apoptosis Pro-atherogenic
IL-16	Mast cells, CD4+ and CD8+ cells		CD4+	CD4+ T-cell growth factor; Proinflammatory; enhances lymphocyte chemotaxis, adhesion molecule, and IL-2 receptor and HLA-DR expression
IL-17	Human T cells, mouse thymocytes		Fibroblasts, keratinocytes, epithelial cells ECs	Secretion of IL-6, IL-8, PGE2, MCP- 1 and G-CSF, induces ICAM-1 expression, T-cell proliferation Pro-atherogenic
IL-18 (22.3 kDa)	Macrophages, ECs, VSMCs	IL-18Rα IL-18Rβ	ECM T cells; NK cells; myeloid, monocytic, erythroid, and megakaryocytic cells	Remodelling, Proinflammatory, induces IFN-γ and other Th1 cytokines, promotes Th1 development and NK activity Pro-atherogenic