Figure 1 Neuropsychological factor scores by epileptic syndrome

On language, all other syndrome groups scored lower than the localization-related idiopathic group. For attention/executive/construction, both the generalized idiopathic absence and the localization-related cryptogenic groups scored lower than siblings. For verbal memory and learning, the localization-related cryptogenic group scored lower than the siblings. Sibling controls, n = 147; generalized idiopathic/absence, n = 39; generalized idiopathic/tonic-clonic, n = 42; localization-related/idiopathic, n = 53; localization-related/cryptogenic, n = 111; localization-related/symptomatic, n = 17. Although the generalized symptomatic/cryptogenic group (n = 8) was included in the comparisons between etiologies, it was excluded from the analysis comparing specific syndromes because of small sample size.