Table 1.

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Study	N	Inclusion	Exclusion
AH/DD	14	From among 17 postmenopausal women referred with symptomatic vertebral fractures in 1986, with radiological evidence of osteopenia.
		• BMD T-scores < −2.5
		• No prior antiresorptive treatment, including estrogen
		• Signed informed consent to enter a small clinical trial exploring cyclical treatment with PTH(1-38) with/without sequential calcitonin, using pretreatment and post-treatment (200 days) bone biopsies as part of the primary outcomes
ES	5	From among patients with low BMD (T-score < −2.5 at any site) and/or one or more fragility fractures (excluding digits, skull)	Any secondary cause of osteoporosis, including
			• Estrogen deficiency
			• Steroid excess
		• Ages 20–48	• Antiepileptic drugs
		• Normal menses throughout	• Celiac disease
JC	8	Part of an opportunistic study in which a group of postmenopausal women treated long term with high-dose estradiol therapy
		• These women did not have osteoporosis, their BMD was on the high side
		• The dose of estradiol, given as an implant, was 50–100 mg approximately every 6 months
RRR	27	Part of a study of growth hormone releasing hormone	More than 15% below or 30% above ideal body weight as defined in the 1983 Metropolitan Life tables.
		• Age 45–80 yr, postmenopausal for at least 5 yr, who had at least one low-trauma fracture or who had very low spinal BMD by DXA.
		• In good general health based on medical history, physical and screening laboratory examination. or part of a study of menopause effects on bone
		• Healthy with normal premenopausal E2 and FSH levels At least 46 yr of age, having regular menses