Table 2.

Tibia and Femur Model A (Without Genetic Marker)

				Tibia model					Femur model
				All Groups	Females		Males		All Groups	Females		Males
SEM model paths: model A					Young	Older	Young	Older		Young	Older	Young	Older
Bone	←	Loading	(b)	0.215	0.127	0.246	0.211	0.129	0.049	0.230	−0.066	−0.010	0.267
Bone	←	Locomotion	(d)	−0.055	0.000	0.191	−0.131	−0.152	−0.061	−0.020	0.055	0.028	−0.163
Muscle	←	Loading	(a)	0.255	0.004	0.039	−0.075	0.037	0.258	0.008	0.041	−0.076	0.038
Muscle	←	Locomotion	(c)	0.059	0.107	0.066	0.134	−0.007	0.059	0.104	0.065	0.135	−0.005
Bone	←	Muscle	(e)	0.365	0.274	0.110	0.267	0.260	0.073	0.224	0.232	0.246	0.114
Muscle	←	Length		0.123	0.303	0.228	0.379	0.163	0.122	0.301	0.230	0.379	0.161
Muscle	←	Weight		0.611	0.295	0.380	0.303	0.340	0.612	0.300	0.378	0.303	0.339
Bone	←	Length		−0.080	0.036	0.153	−0.014	0.143	−0.051	0.178	0.251	0.130	−0.056
Bone	←	Weight		0.293	0.112	0.192	0.254	−0.006	0.260	0.125	0.044	0.360	0.289
Quadrants	←	Length		0.157	0.122	−0.057	0.046	0.165	0.157	0.123	−0.056	0.044	0.163
Rears	←	Length		0.017	0.057	0.044	0.026	0.043	0.018	0.058	0.047	0.024	0.041
Quadrants	←	Weight		−0.162	−0.153	−0.047	−0.268	−0.342	−0.162	−0.154	−0.047	−0.266	−0.341
Rears	←	Weight		−0.048	−0.047	−0.081	−0.195	−0.228	−0.048	−0.048	−0.082	−0.193	−0.227
Loading	↔	Locomotion		0.360	0.370	0.395	0.297	0.316	0.360	0.370	0.395	0.297	0.316

Standardized regression weights for pooled data and young and old female and male cohorts. Shading indicates paths that were significant at p ≤ 0.05; bold italics indicates paths that were suggestive at p ≤ 0.10. Paths a–e are indicated on Fig. 1. and were allowed to be free across groups.