Table 2. Effect of Overexpression of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Progression of Cancer in Patients.

Leukemia:

COX-2 was correlated with prognosis of chronic-phase group of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML-CP) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (161) COX-2 expression was associated with poor treatment response, higher systemic recurrence, and unfavorable prognosis in patients with extra nodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma (45) COX-2 expression was correlated with cellular proliferation in the gastric MALT lymphoma (162) COX-2 expression was associated with cell proliferation and angiogenesis in Hodgkin's lymphoma (40) COX-2 was correlated with shorter progression-free survival in multiple myeloma (41) COX-2 was associated with reduced estimated survival and poor prognostic factors in multiple myeloma (43)

Gastrointestinal Cancers:

COX-2 was the most important predictor of poor survival in patient cohort in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (163) COX-2 expression was associated with pathogenesis in mucositis (126) COX-2 was associated with pathogenesis and progression of oral cancer (38) COX-2 expression was correlated with tumor progression in esophageal SCC (39) Increased COX-2 expression in Barrett's metaplasia was associated with a change in the local inflammatory reaction (164) COX-2 was associated with tumor growth in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (165) COX-2 expression was correlated with an unfavorable prognostic factor in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (166) Expression of COX-2 was elevated in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus and correlated with lymph node metastases and shorter survival (33) Increased expression of COX-2 was associated with a poor survival outcome in esophageal adenocarcinoma (167) COX-2 expression was correlated with depth of invasion and survival in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (168) COX-2 expression played a prognostic factor in frequent tumor recurrence in esophageal squamous carcinoma patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (169) COX-2 expression in primary mid-gut carcinoids was associated with a negative prognostic outlook (170) Overexpression of COX-2 was important in the pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinomas (171) COX-2 expression contributed to suppression of local immune responses and enhancement of metastatic potential in human hepatocellular carcinoma (172) COX-2 was a predictive marker in the early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis (173) Elevation of the COX-2 was correlated with the suppression of local immune responses and early tumor recurrence in the residual liver in patients after resection (174) COX-2 was significant in the progression of hepatocellularcarcinoma (175) COX-2 expression was associated with proliferation of cancer in patients with pancreaticobiliary duct (176) COX-2 was involved in inflammatory response and progression in chronic pancreatitis (177) COX-2 expression was related to the histologic grade of intraductal papillary-mucinous tumor of the pancreas (178) COX-2 expression was a significant prognostic factor after surgical resection in patients affected by cancer of ampulla of vater (179) COX-2 expression in primary colorectal cancer was associated with liver metastasis (180) COX-2 expression was associated with poor survival in colon cancer patients (181) COX-2 expression was associated with reduced survival and was recognized as an independent prognostic factor in cohort of colorectal cancer patients (182) COX-2 was involved in lymph node metastasis and tumor vascularization in patients with colorectal cancer submucosa (183) COX-2 expression was observed in colorectal cancer cells due to the dysfunction of p53 (184) COX-2 gene expression was markedly elevated in human colorectal cancer compared to accompanying normal mucosa (185) COX-2 expression was correlated with poor prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer (186, 187) COX-2 expression was associated with the carcinogenesis of the gastric cancer (188) COX-2 was associated with prognosis and intestinal pathways in gastric carcinogenesis (189) COX-2 expression was associated with invasion, metastasis and implicated a poor prognosis in gastric carcinoma (190) COX-2 expression mediated gastric cancer development by promoting angiogenesis and inhibiting apoptosis (191) COX-2 was linked to an increased risk of hematogenous metastatic spread in rectal carcinoma (192)

Genitourinary Cancers:

COX-2 expression was significance to the development and proliferation of bladder transitional cell carcinoma (193) COX-2 expression was associated with development and invasion of transitional cell carcinoma (194) COX-2 expression was associated with high-grade bladder carcinoma and progression of bladder urothelial carcinoma (195) COX-2 was commonly expressed in patients with bladder transitional cell carcinoma (196) COX-2 expression was associated with poor survival in patients with prostate cancer who had radiotherapy (197) COX-2 expression was associated with proliferation of human prostate carcinoma cells (198) COX-2 expression was an independent predictor of prostate cancer progression which had the highest probability of recurrence (36)

Breast Cancer:

COX-2 over-expression promoted lymph node metastasis by a lymphangiogenic pathway and affected the prognosis in patients with breast cancer (199) COX-2 expression was associated with angiogenesis, lymph node metastasis, and apoptosis in human breast cancer (200) COX-2 expression was associated with younger age, larger tumor size, worse local control, distant metastasis, and worse overall survival in breast cancer patients (201) COX-2 was associated with lymphangiogenesis and prognosis in invasive breast cancer (42) COX-2 correlated with poor prognostic markers, large tumor size and high tumor grade in breast cancer (202) COX-2 expression in human breast epithelial cells will predispose the mammary gland to carcinogenesis (203) COX-2 expression was an early event in breast carcinogenesis (204)

Gyneoncologic Cancers:

COX-2 expression was associated with poor prognosis in cervix cancer patients (205) COX-2 expression was used in patients with FIGO Stage IIB SCC of the uterine cervix who are treated with radiotherapy and concurrent chemotherapy (44) COX-2 expression was associated with very poor chance of response to neoadjuvant therapy and unfavorable prognosis in cervical cancer (206) COX-2 expression was associated with tumor cell proliferation and clinicopathological factor in patients with renal cell carcinoma (207) COX-2 expression was observed in endometriotic ovarian cyst wall with respect to other extra ovarian localizations (208) COX-2 expression was associated with angiogenesis in ovarian cancer (209) COX-2 expression was correlated with tumor angiogenesis and with survival in serous ovarian carcinoma patients (210) COX-2 expression was an independent prognostic factor in ovarian carcinoma (211) COX-2 expression was associated with poor clinicopathologic prognostic factor in ovarian cancer (212) COX-2 expression was correlated with poor chemotherapy response and prognostic outcome in ovarian carcinoma (213)

Head & Neck Cancers:

COX-2 expression was correlated with shorter survival in patients with early stage non-small cell lung cancer (37) COX-2 expression was associated with tumor progression by stimulating lynphangiogenesis in NSCLC patients (214) COX-2 expression was correlated with clinically prognostic indicator of tumor growth and differentiation in laryngeal carcinoma (215) COX-2 expression in glottic cancer was associated with increased overall mortality and an increased risk of second primary cancer (SPC) (216) Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human basal cell carcinoma increased antiapoptosis, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis (217) COX-2 expression was associated with poor survival in gliomas patients (218)

ALL-Acute Lymphoblastic leukemia, ATL-Acute T cell leukemia, AML-Acute myelogenous leukemia, HCC-Hepatocellular carcinoma, MALT-Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, NSCLC- non-small-cell lung cancer