Table 1.

Role of cytokines and cell lines involved in their production in patients with IBD

Cytokine	UC	CD	Cells involved in the production
TNF-α	Up-regulated	Up-regulated	Macrophages
TL1α	Unknown	Up-regulated	Th1
IL-1β	IL-1ra/IL-1 ratio	IL-1ra/IL-1 ratio	Macrophages
IL-6	Up-regulated	Up-regulated	Macrophages, DC, Th17 and others
IL-18	Not	Yes, not in all patients	Macrophages
TGF-β	Not clear, maybe defective signalling	Not clear, maybe defective signalling	Th0, Th3, Treg
IL-10	Not clear	Yes, up-regulated	Tr1 and Breg
IL-4	Not clear	Not clear	Th2, NK
IL-12	Up-regulated	Up-regulated	Macrophages, DC
IL-23	Yes	Yes	Macrophages, DC
IL-27	Not clear	Up-regulated	APCs
IL-17	Up-regulated	Up-regulated	Th17
IL-13	Up-regulated	Not	Th1, NK
IL-5	Up-regulated	Not	Th2, NK