Table 3.
Analysis of Covariance assessing the relationship between health-related quality of life measures and various categories of severity of visual field loss in the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study (N= 5,213)
| Health Related Quality of Life Measures | Visual Field Loss category* |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unilateral |
Bilateral |
|||||
| Adjusted Mean Scores (SE)† | No Visual Field Loss (N=2,886) | Mild (N=945) | Moderate/Severe (N=77) | Mild‡ (N=965) | Moderate/Severe (N=340) | p-value§ |
| SF12 | ||||||
| MCS | 50.4 (0.4)a | 49.4 (0.5)b | 51.4(1.2)a,b | 49.8 (0.4)a,b | 47.6 (0.6)c | <0.0001 |
| PCS | 46.7 (0.3)a | 46.2 (0.4)a | 46.0(1.0)a,b | 45.1(0.4)b | 43.0 (0.5)c | <0.0001 |
| NEI-VFQ-25 | ||||||
| General Health | 47.7 (0.8)a,b | 47.5(1.0)a | 48.8 (2.5)a,b,c | 45.2 (0.9)b,c | 41.4(1.2)c | 0.01 |
| Color Vision | 92.9 (0.6)a | 92.7 (0.7)a | 91.5 (1.7)a,b | 90.6 (0.6)b | 85.9 (0.9)c | <0.0001 |
| Driving Difficulties|| | 76.9 (0.8)a | 75.5 (0.9)b | 73.4 (2.4)a,b,c | 73.4 (0.9)c | 59.8(1.3)d | <0.0001 |
| Distance Vision | 80.7 (0.6)a | 79.1 (0.8)b | 75.9 (2.0)b,c,d | 77.0 (0.7)c | 68.4(1.0)d | <0.0001 |
| Near Vision | 75.5 (0.7)a | 74.2 (0.9)b | 72.2 (2.2)a,b,c | 72.5 (0.8)b | 63.8(1.1)c | <0.0001 |
| Vision Related Dependency | 84.9 (0.7)a | 84.0 (0.8)b,c | 83.8 (2.2)a,b,c | 82.0 (0.8)c | 66.7 (1.1)d | <0.0001 |
| General Vision | 64.4 (0.6)a | 63.4 (0.7)a,b | 60.5(1.8)a,b | 62.0 (0.7)b,c | 57.9 (0.9)c | 0.002 |
| Vision Related Mental Health | 71.7 (0.8)a | 70.5 (0.9)b | 71.2 (2.4)a,b,c | 67.2 (0.9)c | 55.0(1.2)d | <0.0001 |
| Ocular Pain | 77.3 (0.8)a | 76.2 (0.9)a,b | 72.7 (2.3)a,b,c | 74.2 (0.9)b | 68.0(1.2)c | <0.0001 |
| Peripheral Vision | 84.8 (0.7)a | 83.1 (0.9)b | 75.7 (2.3)c,d,e | 81.0 (0.8)d | 72.2 (1.2)e | <0.0001 |
| Vision Related Role Function | 84.4 (0.8)a | 83.3 (0.9)a | 81.5(2.3)a,b,c | 81.4 (0.9)b | 70.6(1.2)c | <0.0001 |
| Vision Related Social Function | 89.8 (0.5)a | 89.0 (0.6)a | 89.0(1.6)a,b | 87.4 (0.6)b | 81.2 (0.8)c | <0.0001 |
| Composite¶ | 80.5 (0.5)a | 79.4 (0.6)b | 77.3(1.4)b,c | 77.3 (0.5)c | 68.6 (0.7)d | <0.0001 |
Abbreviations: SF-12, Medical Outcomes Study 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey, MCS, Mental Component Summary; PCS, Physical Component Summary; NEI-VFQ-25, National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire 25-ltem.
Visual field loss was classified as none (mean deviation (MD)>−2), unilateral mild VFL (−6≤MD≤−2 in the worse eye), unilateral moderate/severe VFL (MD<−6 in one eye, MD>−2 in the other eye), bilateral mild VFL (−6≤MD≤−2 in both eyes, or −6≤MD≤−2 in one eye, MD<−6 in the other eye), bilateral moderate/severe VFL (MD<−6 in the both eyes).
Shown in the table are the adjusted mean (standard error) of SF-12 and NEI-VFQ-25 scores. The covariates for adjustment are: age, gender, education, employment status, income, acculturation, co-morbidities, health insurance, vision insurance, and visual acuity impairment.
This category also included one eye with mild VFL and the other eye with moderate/severe VFL.
Analysis of covariance was used to compare logarithmically transformed adjusted mean scores across the different levels of unilateral and bilateral visual field loss. For each row, means with different letters (a–e) across the visual field loss categories are statistically significantly different from one another using Tukey multiple comparison procedure (P<0.05). P-value in the last column is corresponding to the ANCOVA test of significance for the visual field loss groups. ANCOVA revealed significant differences for all scales across the visual field loss categories.
Scores could be generated for only 3,762 of the participants who reported that they were currently driving or had driven in the past.
Composite score is an un-weighted mean of the 12 subscale scores (except general health).