Table 3.

Table 3 Qualitative Evaluation

Drug ∗ (Treatment Indications)	Reference Standard†	Associations Detected‡
		Known ADEs	Indication Associations	Remote Indication Associations	Unknown Associations
Ibuprofen (pain of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, menstrual cramps, or mild to moderate pain)	constipation, diarrhea, dizziness, gas, headache, heartburn, nausea, stomach pain or upset	headache, achalasia, nausea, constipation	pain, pleuritic pain, chest pain, ache, referred pain, apyrexial, fever, chill, night sweat, hot flush	joint swelling, lesion, bacterial abscess, erythema, oral lesion, hemoptysis
ACE inhibitors (hypertension and congestive heart failure)	cough, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, tiredness	cough, lethargy, dizziness, diarrhea, headache	chest pain, shortness of breath, syncope, orthopnea, pain	hyponatremia, decreased body weight,	vomiting, asymptomatic
Rosiglitazone (diabetes)	headache, weight gain, symptoms of heart failure	headache, chest pain, left atrial hypertrophy, shortness of breath	syncope, vertigo	tremor, pins and needle, cyanosis, colic abdominal	non-productive cough, erythema
Bupropion (depression and smoking cessation aid)	constipation, dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, headache, pruritus increased sweating, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, nervousness, restlessness, taste changes, trouble sleeping, weight changes, seizure, tinnitus suicidal thoughts	dizziness, abnormal sensation, difficulty, drugged state, fatigue, constipation sleeplessness, seizure, tinnitus, pruritus feeling suicidal	suicidal, visual hallucinations, moody, emotional, tremor, nightmare	motor retardation, fall, jumpy, stiffness, early satiety, extrapyramidal sign, energy increased, malingerer, rale, urge incontinence, bulimia, yellow sputum, emaciation
Paroxetine (mental depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder)	agitation, chest congestion, chest pain, chills, cold sweats, confusion, difficulty breathing, dizziness, muscle pain or weakness, skin rash, suicidal thoughts	pain chest, drowsiness, orthostasis, dyspnea, agitation, dizziness, feeling suicidal	verbal auditory hallucinations, sleeplessness	Syncope, hormonal changes, intoxication, sleepy, thinness, numbness	thicken

^∗ Only five out of seven drugs in our evaluation set are listed in this table due to space limitations; the conditions that drugs treat are shown in parentheses following the drug name.

^† The reference standard constructed by the physician is shown in the second column, and new ADEs discovered after 2004 are shown in bold.

^‡ The associations obtained from our methods were categorized by the expert into four classes shown in the last four columns. New ADEs detected after 2004 based on data of 2004 are shown in bold.

ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme.