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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Aug 26.
Published in final edited form as: Science. 2000 Dec 1;290(5497):1717–1721. doi: 10.1126/science.290.5497.1717

Table 1.

Genes required for the autophagy and Cvt pathways.

Gene Mammalian
homolog
Characteristics References
Induction of autophagy and formation of autophagosome
  Kinase signaling system
    Tor2 mTor Rapamycin-sensitive protein kinase (15)
    APG1 ULK1 SER or THR protein kinase, in complex
  with Apg13, Apg17, Cvt9
(23, 44)
    APG6 BECN1 63-kD peripheral membrane protein, binds
  Apg14
(62, 71)
    APG9 Integral membrane protein (72)
    APG13 Associates with and activates Apg1 kinase (20)
    APG14 Peripheral membrane protein, interacts
  with Apg6
(71)
    APG17 Interacts with Apg1 kinase, specific for
  autophagy
(20)
    CVT9 Interacts with Apg1 kinase, specific for
  Cvt pathway
(20)
    VAC8 Armadillo repeat protein, interacts with
  Apg13
(21, 73)
APG protein conjugation system
    APG5 hAPG5 34-kD protein that forms conjugate with
  Apg12
(29)
    APG7 HsGSA7 E1-like ubiquitin activating enzyme (30, 31)
    APG10 Protein-conjugating enzyme (32)
    APG12 hAPG12 Ubiquitin type modifier (29)
    APG16 Coiled-coil protein that binds Apg5 (33)
Size regulation of the autophagosome
    AUT2 Cysteine protease processes Aut7 (74)
    AUT7 GATE-16
MAP LC3
Up-regulated by starvation, regulates
  autophagosome size
(36, 37, 7577)
Docking and fusion
    VAM3 Syntaxin 7 Vacuolar tSNARE (38, 78, 79)
    VAM7 SNAP-25 family member, forms part of
  SNARE complex
(39)
    VPS genes Class C Vps complex composed of
  Vps11, 16, 18, 33, 39, and 41
(41, 42)
    YPT7 Rab7 Rab GTPase (80)
Breakdown
    CVT17 Lipase homolog (13, 45)
    PRB1 Vacuolar proteinase (43)
    VMA genes V-ATPase Vacuolar-type ATPase acidifies lumen (81, 82)