Table 1.
Gene | Mammalian homolog |
Characteristics | References |
---|---|---|---|
Induction of autophagy and formation of autophagosome Kinase signaling system | |||
Tor2 | mTor | Rapamycin-sensitive protein kinase | (15) |
APG1 | ULK1 | SER or THR protein kinase, in complex with Apg13, Apg17, Cvt9 |
(23, 44) |
APG6 | BECN1 | 63-kD peripheral membrane protein, binds Apg14 |
(62, 71) |
APG9 | Integral membrane protein | (72) | |
APG13 | Associates with and activates Apg1 kinase | (20) | |
APG14 | Peripheral membrane protein, interacts with Apg6 |
(71) | |
APG17 | Interacts with Apg1 kinase, specific for autophagy |
(20) | |
CVT9 | Interacts with Apg1 kinase, specific for Cvt pathway |
(20) | |
VAC8 | Armadillo repeat protein, interacts with Apg13 |
(21, 73) | |
APG protein conjugation system | |||
APG5 | hAPG5 | 34-kD protein that forms conjugate with Apg12 |
(29) |
APG7 | HsGSA7 | E1-like ubiquitin activating enzyme | (30, 31) |
APG10 | Protein-conjugating enzyme | (32) | |
APG12 | hAPG12 | Ubiquitin type modifier | (29) |
APG16 | Coiled-coil protein that binds Apg5 | (33) | |
Size regulation of the autophagosome | |||
AUT2 | Cysteine protease processes Aut7 | (74) | |
AUT7 | GATE-16 MAP LC3 |
Up-regulated by starvation, regulates autophagosome size |
(36, 37, 75–77) |
Docking and fusion | |||
VAM3 | Syntaxin 7 | Vacuolar tSNARE | (38, 78, 79) |
VAM7 | SNAP-25 family member, forms part of SNARE complex |
(39) | |
VPS genes | Class C Vps complex composed of Vps11, 16, 18, 33, 39, and 41 |
(41, 42) | |
YPT7 | Rab7 | Rab GTPase | (80) |
Breakdown | |||
CVT17 | Lipase homolog | (13, 45) | |
PRB1 | Vacuolar proteinase | (43) | |
VMA genes | V-ATPase | Vacuolar-type ATPase acidifies lumen | (81, 82) |