Table 4.
Analysis of covariance to compare physical performance, grip strength and functional status measures with the exposure to the anticholinergic and sedative medications
| DBI > 0 | DBA > 0 | DBS > 0 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B (95% CI) | n | B (95% CI) | n | B (95% CI) | n | |
| Chair stands | ||||||
| n= 1548 | 1.25** (0.58, 1.93) | 395 | 0.90*** (0.14, 1.66) | 283 | 1.71** (0.78, 2.65) | 172 |
| n= 1423 | 0.58 (−0.11, 1.27) | 364 | 0.35 (−0.43, 1.12) | 262 | 0.92 (−0.05, 1.88) | 160 |
| Walking speed | ||||||
| n= 1616 | −0.05* (−0.07, −0.03) | 410 | −0.04** (−0.07, −0.02) | 294 | −0.08* (−0.11, −0.05) | 182 |
| n= 1484 | −0.03*** (−0.05, −0.00) | 379 | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | 273 | −0.05** (−0.08, −02) | 170 |
| Narrow walk | ||||||
| n= 1589 | −0.06* (−0.08, −0.03) | 404 | −0.04*** (−0.07, −0.01) | 290 | −0.12* (−0.15, −0.08) | 178 |
| n= 1461 | −0.03*** (−0.05, −0.01) | 374 | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.02) | 269 | −0.09* (−0.12, −0.06) | 168 |
| Balance | ||||||
| n= 1613 | −0.18* (−0.26, −0.10) | 420 | −0.11*** (−0.20, −0.02) | 298 | −0.32* (−0.42, −0.21) | 190 |
| n= 1468 | −0.11** (−0.18, −0.03) | 384 | −0.03 (−0.11, 0.05) | 273 | −0.20* (−0.31, −0.10) | 175 |
| Grip strength | ||||||
| n= 1595 | −2.08* (−2.93, −1.24) | 412 | −1.99* (−2.95, −1.03) | 290 | −2.28** (−3.42, −1.13) | 189 |
| n= 1458 | −1.09** (−1.90, −0.28) | 381 | −1.08*** (−1.99, −0.17) | 270 | −1.10*** (−2.20, −0.00) | 175 |
| IADL | ||||||
| n= 1678 | 0.46* (0.30, 0.62) | 444 | 0.39* (0.21, 0.57) | 315 | 0.71* (0.49, 0.92) | 203 |
| n= 1541 | 0.18*** (0.04, 0.32) | 407 | 0.13 (−0.03, 0.29) | 289 | 0.36** (0.17, 0.56) | 188 |
For each end-point the first row represents unadjusted model and second row adjusted model for age, education, comorbidities, body mass index, history of falls, cognitive impairment and depression; B, parameter estimate; CI, confidence interval;
<0.05;
<0.01;
<0.0001; only significant P-values shown; DBI, Drug Burden Index; DBA, anticholinergic component of Drug Burden Index; DBS, sedative component of Drug Burden Index; n, number exposed to anticholinergic and/or sedative drugs; IADL, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; IADL score – higher score indicates worse function; balance test, 0-worst performance, 3-best performance; grip strength – higher number indicates better function; chair stands, 6 m walking speed and 20 cm narrow walking speed – lower number indicates better performance; n first row, number of subjects completing each test; n second row represents available data on subjects after controlling for confounders.