Table 2.
Baseline (Model 1) |
Standard Risk Factors (Model 2) |
Markers of Disease Progression (Model 3) |
Nonclinical Markers (Model 4) |
All Biomarkers (Model 5) |
||||||
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
Sociodemographic factors | ||||||||||
Age | 1.117** | 1.084, 1.151 | 1.118** | 1.083, 1.155 | 1.074** | 1.036, 1.113 | 1.105** | 1.071, 1.140 | 1.062** | 1.020, 1.106 |
Male sex | 1.579 | 0.964, 2.589 | 1.759* | 1.016, 3.046 | 1.438 | 0.857, 2.414 | 1.894* | 1.102, 3.254 | 2.410** | 1.277, 4.546 |
Any smoking in past 6 months | 2.600** | 1.617, 4.181 | 2.401** | 1.467, 3.929 | 2.634** | 1.594, 4.351 | 2.502** | 1.523, 4.110 | 2.612** | 1.510, 4.516 |
Standard risk factors | ||||||||||
Hypertension | ||||||||||
Normal (referent) | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Prehypertension | 0.903 | 0.471, 1.731 | 0.948 | 0.471, 1.911 | ||||||
Stage 1 hypertension | 0.746 | 0.383, 1.452 | 0.728 | 0.354, 1.496 | ||||||
Stage 2 hypertension | 1.404 | 0.691, 2.854 | 1.544 | 0.716, 3.329 | ||||||
Use of antihypertensive medication | 0.834 | 0.499, 1.395 | 0.821 | 0.467, 1.445 | ||||||
Total cholesterol | ||||||||||
Desirable (referent) | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Borderline high | 0.772 | 0.486, 1.224 | 0.866 | 0.525, 1.429 | ||||||
High | 1.359 | 0.755, 2.444 | 1.630 | 0.843, 3.153 | ||||||
High density lipoprotein cholesterol | ||||||||||
Low (referent) | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Normal | 0.707 | 0.449, 1.114 | 0.755 | 0.460, 1.240 | ||||||
High | 0.745 | 0.403, 1.376 | 0.614 | 0.314, 1.201 | ||||||
Body mass indexb | ||||||||||
Underweight | 2.808* | 1.205, 6.542 | 1.840 | 0.728, 4.652 | ||||||
Normal (referent) | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Overweight | 0.891 | 0.525, 1.514 | 1.188 | 0.655, 2.156 | ||||||
Obese | 0.743 | 0.381, 1.449 | 1.332 | 0.616, 2.879 | ||||||
High waist circumference | 1.262 | 0.739, 2.154 | 1.606 | 0.887, 2.908 | ||||||
Glycosylated hemoglobin | 1.192 | 0.988, 1.440 | 1.156 | 0.939, 1.423 | ||||||
Use of hypoglycemic agents | 0.989 | 0.466, 2.096 | 1.156 | 0.515, 2.595 | ||||||
Markers of disease progression | ||||||||||
Creatinine clearance | 0.922** | 0.874, 0.971 | 0.914** | 0.864, 0.968 | ||||||
Creatinine clearance squared | 1.000* | 1.000, 1.001 | 1.000* | 1.000, 1.001 | ||||||
Albumin | 0.355** | 0.177, 0.715 | 0.428* | 0.197, 0.930 | ||||||
White blood cell count | 0.581 | 0.325, 1.040 | 0.557 | 0.297, 1.044 | ||||||
White blood cell count squared | 1.047* | 1.006, 1.089 | 1.042 | 0.998, 1.087 | ||||||
Neutrophils | 1.027* | 1.004, 1.050 | 1.021 | 0.996, 1.047 | ||||||
Nonclinical markers | ||||||||||
Epinephrine | 0.884 | 0.741, 1.054 | 0.906 | 0.749, 1.094 | ||||||
Epinephrine squared | 1.020** | 1.005, 1.035 | 1.018* | 1.002, 1.034 | ||||||
Norepinephrine | 1.004 | 0.984, 1.025 | 1.020 | 0.997, 1.043 | ||||||
Cortisol | 1.005 | 0.999, 1.011 | 1.006* | 1.000, 1.013 | ||||||
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate | 1.000 | 0.995, 1.004 | 1.000 | 0.996, 1.005 | ||||||
Interleukin-6 | 1.350** | 1.183, 1.541 | 1.235** | 1.064, 1.434 | ||||||
Interleukin-6 squared | 0.991** | 0.984, 0.997 | 0.993 | 0.987, 1.000 | ||||||
Insulin-like growth factor 1 | 0.999 | 0.995, 1.004 | 0.999 | 0.994, 1.004 | ||||||
Log-likelihood | −350.7 | −339.6 | −327.2 | −326.2 | −299.8 | |||||
AUC | 0.79 | 0.80 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.85 | |||||
P value from AUC test (vs. model 1) | 0.0240 | 0.0017 | 0.0027 | 0.0000 |
Abbreviations: AUC, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
* P < 0.05 (2-sided); **P < 0.01 (2-sided).
Models included a random-effect term for the primary sampling units and adjustment for mainlander status, education, urban residence, current chronic conditions, mobility limitations, cognitive function, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (47) score, and self-assessed health status. For definitions of variables, see Table 1.
Weight (kg)/height (m)2.