TABLE 1.

Causes of cardiac troponin elevation other than ischemic heart disease

Presumed mechanisms	Diagnoses
Myocardial stress	Congestive heart failure, hypertension with left ventricular hypertrophy, aortic valve disease, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with significant left ventricular hypertrophy, strenuous exercise, pulmonary embolism, emphysema and asthma
Direct myocardial damage	Cardiac contusion, direct current cardioversion, ablation and toxins (adriamycin, 5-fluorouracil and transtuzumab)
Demand ischemia	Sepsis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, burn, hypotension, hypovolemia, left ventricular hypertrophy, sympathomimetic agents and supraventricular tachycardia
Inflammation	Myocarditis, pericarditis, Kawasaki disease and parvovirus B19 infection
Infiltrative diseases	Amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, sarcoidosis and scleroderma
Immunological (autoantibodies, cytokines) causes	Cardiac transplantation, systemic lupus erythematosus, burn and sepsis
Unknown mechanism	Chronic renal insufficiency, neurological diseases (cerebrovascular accident, subarachnoid bleed)