Figure 1. General schematic of greater urea cycle and its regulation by acute and chronic MPL.

The arrows indicate MPL mediated up- (↑), down- (↓) or biphasic (↑↓: up-followed by down; ↓ ↑: down-followed by up) regulations.

Abbreviations: AA, Amino acids; ALT, Alanine aminotransferase; ARG, Arginase; ASL, Arginosuccinate lyase; aspAT, Aspartate aminotrans-ferase; ASS, Arginosuccinate synthetase; ATP, Adenosine tri-phosphate; CA, Carbonic anhydrase; CEBP-β, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein; CPS, Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase; FUM, Fumerase; GA, Glutaminase; GDH, Glutamate dehydrogenase; Gln, Glutamine; Glu, Glutamate; GR, Glucocorticoid receptor; GS, Glutamine synthetase; α-KA, α-ketoacids; α-KG, α-ketoglutarate; MDH, Malate dehydrogenase; ODC, Ornithine decarboxylase; OTC, Ornithine transcarbamoylase; TAT, Tyrosine aminotransferase.

The enzyme genes in the boxes were analyzed in this study.