Table 2.
Description of 26 original studies that report PMI Cleeland in cancer patients according to the year of publication, the country where the investigation was conducted, the sample size and the percentage of negative PMI
| Name of the first author (reference) | Year (publication) | Country | No. of patients | Percentage of negative PMI (95% confidence interval)a | Notes |
| Cleeland [9] | 1994 | United States | 597 | 42 (38–46) | |
| Larue [18] | 1995 | France | 270 | 51 (45–57) | |
| Wang [19] | 1996 | China | 147 | 67 (59–75) | |
| Cleeland [20] | 1997 | United States | 197 | 65 (58–72) | Minority outpatients with recurrent or metastatic cancer |
| Elliott [21] | 1997 | United States | 314 | 16b, 41b | 16% for patients reporting pain in the 3 months before the interview, 41% for patients reporting pain at the time of the interview |
| Trowbridge [22] | 1997 | United States | 320 | 38 (31–46), 35 (28–42) | 38% in control group, 35% in intervention group |
| Ger [23] | 1998 | Taiwan | 113 | 69 (61–78) | |
| Uki [24] | 1998 | Japan | 121 | 27 (19–35) | |
| Saxena [25] | 1999 | India | 200 | 79 (73–85) | |
| de Wit [15] | 1999 | The Netherlands | 313 | 49 (43–55) | Compares the three PMIs: PMI Cleeland (48.9%), PMI Ward (55.1%), PMI Zelman (35.9%) |
| Anderson [26] | 2000 | United States | 108 | 31 (17–45); 28 (17–39) | 31% for African-American patients, 28% for Hispanic patients |
| Wells [27] | 2000 | United States | 139 | 29 (22–37) | |
| Mystakidou [28] | 2001 | Greece | 220 | 76 (70–82) | |
| Sabatowski [29] | 2001 | Germany | 905 | 13 (11–15) | |
| Beck [30] | 2001 | South Africa | 426 | 31 (27–35) | |
| Cascinu [31] | 2003 | Italy | 117 | 43 (34–52) | Uses a present pain intensity scale |
| Shvartzman [32] | 2003 | Israel | 218 | 75 (69–81) | |
| Hyun [33] | 2003 | Korea | 508 | 41 (37–45) | |
| Yun [34] | 2004 | Korea | 132 | 74 (67–82) | Computes PMI-Revised as well |
| Di Maio [35] | 2004 | Italy | 752 | 82 (79–85) | Non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Uses the quality of life questionnaires |
| Okuyama [36] | 2004 | Japan | 138 | 70 (62–78) | |
| Cohen [37] | 2005 | Israel | 39 | 56 (40–72) | |
| Lin [38] | 2005 | United States | 102 | 64 (55–73) | Prison inmates |
| Passik [39] | 2006 | United States | 100 | 8 (3–13) | Considers also 73 AIDS patients (33% has a negative score) |
| Russell [40] | 2006 | UK | 864 | 7 (3–11), 9 (7–11) | 7% for hospice patients, 9% for patients treated by general practitioners. Uses the Palliative Outcome Scale |
| Enting [41] | 2007 | The Netherlands | 244 | 65 (59–71) |
a
Computed on the basis of the data reported in the paper.
b
It is not possible to compute 95% confidence interval because of some missing data.
PMI, Pain Management Index.