Table 5.
Univariate and multivariate ORs and 95% CIs of negative PMI ≥51% according to selected variables
| Characteristic | Category | Negative PMI ≥median (51%) |
||
| Studies n/total n (%) | Univariate |
Multivariate |
||
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |||
| Year | 1994–2000 | 6/12 (50) | 1.33 (0.28–6.28) | 4.73 (3.94–5.67)* |
| 2001–2006 | 8/14 (57) | 1 | 1 | |
| Geographic area | United States | 2/8 (25) | 1 | 1 |
| Europe | 5/8 (63) | 5.00 (0.58–42.80) | 7.26 (5.75–9.15)* | |
| Asia | 7/9 (78) | 10.50 (1.11–98.91) | ||
| Economic level | GNI per capita <$20 000 | 6/8 (75) | 5.25 (0.70–39.48) | 5.84 (5.03–6.79)* |
| GNI per capita $20 000 - $40,000 | 4/7 (57) | 2.33 (0.34–16.18) | ||
| GNI per capita ≥$40 000 | 4/11 (36) | 1 | 1 | |
| Setting | Specific for cancer patients or hospicea | 8/15 (53) | 1 | 1 |
| Not specifica | 2/5 (40) | 0.75 (0.08–6.96) | 2.11 (1.68–2.65)* | |
| Mixed | 4/5 (80) | 1.50 (0.20–11.09) | 2.21 (1.92–2.55)* | |
| Stage of disease | At least 68.8% metastatic | 2/8 (25) | 1 | Not included in the model |
| <68.8% metastatic | 9/12 (75) | 9.00 (1.14–71.04) | ||
| Mean age of the sample | ≥58 years old | 5/11 (45) | 1 | Not included in the model |
| <57 years old | 8/11 (73) | 3.20 (0.54–18.98) | ||
a
PMI score extracted from Russel et al. has been splitted.
*
P < 0.0001.
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; PMI, Pain Management Index.